Eyebrow Bone Hit And Swollen

WHAT IS RECOGNIZED structural? PROBLEMATIZATION

Gilles Deleuze

English translation of Juan Bauza and María José Muñoz


Before wondered "what is the existentialist. " Now, what is structuralism? These questions relate to issues which arouse strong interest, but on the condition of referring to the present, to refer to the work being done. It is 1967. You can not invoke the unfinished nature of the works to avoid responding because it is only character that gives meaning to the question. Since then the question "What is structuralism?" Is required to suffer certain changes. Firstly, who is structuralism? There are customs and the most recent actual respect. Come to be known, as shown, rightly or wrongly, a linguist and R. Jakobson, a sociologist and C. Levi-Strauss, an analyst and J. Lacan, a philosopher who renews epistemology, and M. Foucault, a Marxist philosopher who takes up the problem of interpretation of Marxism as L. Althusser, a literary critic and R. Barthes, writers such as Tel Quel group ... Some did not reject the term "structuralism" and use "structure", "structural." Others prefer the term Saussure "system." Very different thinkers, and of different generations, some have exercised real influence over others. But the most important and striking is the extreme diversity of the domains exploring. Each encounter problems, methods, solutions that have analogous relationships, such as participating in a free air time, the spirit of the time, but that is measured by the discoveries and creations unique in each of these domains. The words in-ism, in this sense, are well founded.

It is right to assign the origin of language and structuralism: Saussure not only, but in a school in Moscow, the Prague school. And if structuralism then extends to other domains, it is no longer this time analogy is not simply to establish methods "equivalent" to those who first were fruitful in the analysis of language. There really is no structure to what is language, although it is an esoteric language or nonverbal. No structures of the unconscious rather than to the extent that the unconscious is language speech. No structures of the body rather than the extent to which the bodies were somehow supposed to "speak" a language that makes symptom, which is the language of symptoms. The same things generally do not have structure, but as far as holding a "speech" silent, which is the language of signs. Then the question "What is structuralism?" Becomes once again, and it is better to ask: in that can recognize who call structuralist? What are their distinguishing features and differential? and what do they recognize themselves? Whether it is true that not recognize people, so visible, rather than invisible and insensible things they recognize in their own way. What do you do, structuralists, to recognize a "language" into something, the language that characterizes a domain name? What they find in this domain? Here we propose to clear only certain formal criteria of recognition, simple, relying increasingly on the example of the authors concerned, regardless of the diversity of its work and projects.


First criterion: the symbolic

We are used almost conditioned to a certain distinction or correlation between the real and imaginary. All our thinking remains a dialectic between these two notions. Even when classical philosophy speaks of the pure intelligence or understanding, it is still a power defined by their ability to capture reality in its foundation, the real, so to speak, "real" reality as it is in opposition, but also in relation to the powers of the imagination. Take, for example, completely different creative movements: romanticism, symbolism, surrealism ... Invoked both the transcendent point where reality and fiction interpenetrate and bind, as their fine line as the cutting edge of their difference. Anyway, in general stay, we stay in the opposition and the alleged complementarity between the imaginary and real, at least in the traditional interpretation of romanticism, symbolism, etc. Even the Freudian theory is interpreted in the light of two principles: the principle of reality with its strength of disappointment, pleasure principle with the power of hallucinatory satisfaction. With more reason, methods such as Jung and Bachelard fully enroll in the real and imaginary, in the context of their complex, transcendent unity and preliminary tension, fusion and cutting.

However, against this tradition, the first criterion of structuralism, is the discovery and recognition of a third order, a third kingdom: the symbolic. This recognition is the mistaken rejection of both the symbolic and the imaginary, like the real thing, and this is the first dimension of structuralism. Here too, it started with the language, the language that we can describe modern: beyond the term in their reality and sound parts, beyond the images and concepts related to the word, the structuralist linguist discovers an item nature very different is the structural object. And it seems that the writers of the Tel Quel group want to settle in this symbolic element for renewing the sound realities such as accounts or related accounts. Beyond the history of mankind and the history of ideas, Michel Foucault discovers a deeper soil, underground, so to speak, which is the subject of what he calls the archeology of thought. Behind the Real Men and real relations, and ideologies behind their imaginary relations, Louis Althusser discovers a deeper domain as an object of science and philosophy. We

and many parents in psychoanalysis: first a real father, but also images of father. And all our dramas as they were happening within the usual tense relations between the real and imaginary. Jacques Lacan reveals a third parent, more fundamental, symbolic father or father-Name. Not only the real and imaginary, but their relations, and disruption of these relationships should be thought of as the limit of a process in which those relations and conditions are established from the symbolic. In Lacan, and other structuralists also symbolic as the structure element is at the beginning of a genesis: the structure is embodied in the reality series following images and determinable; besides, she is incarnated the there, but not derived from them, they still deeper, subsurface soil both for all of the real as all the skies of imagination. Conversely, some disasters own structural symbolic order account for the apparent disruption of the real and imaginary: thus, for example, in the case of the Wolf Man to Freud, as Lacan interprets it, is because the subject of castration is not symbolized ("foreclosure") which returns in the real, in the form hallucinatory severed finger. We can list

[put a number to] the real, imaginary and the symbolic: 1, 2, 3. But we can say that these figures are both cardinal and ordinal value. Because the real in itself is not separable from a certain ideal of unification and aggregation: the real thing tends to make one, is one in its "truth." Since we see two "one", since unfolded, the imaginary appears in person, even if in reality that exerts its action. For example, the real father is one, or wants to be according to law, but the father image is always double in itself, divided (clivée) following a dual law. She is projected onto two persons at least one game takes on the father, father-buffoon, the other the father working and ideal as the Prince of Wales, Shakespeare, passing of a father image to another, from Falstaff to the crown. Is defined by the imaginary mirror games, splitting, identification and inverted projection provided in the dual mode. But, for its part, the symbolic is three. It is only the third beyond the real and imaginary. There is always another to look at the symbolic himself, the triadic structure is at least, not what she does not "circulate", while third unreal, and therefore unimaginable.

will see why, but the first criterion is this: the establishment of a symbolic order, irreducible to the order of the real, the imaginary order, and deeper them. Do not know yet what this symbolic element. We can at least say that the corresponding structure is not related to a sensitive nor a figure of the imagination, nor a intelligible essence. Nothing to do with a way: as the structure is not defined in any way by a range of all by a pregnancy of the whole over the parts, a Gestalt that exercise in reality and in perception, the structure is defined contrary to the nature of atomic elements that are intended to account both for the training of all and the variation of its parts. Nor anything to do with imagination figures, although structuralism is entirely penetrated with reflections on the rhetoric, metaphor and metonymy, as these figures themselves involve structural shifts that must account both for the proper and the figurative. Nothing to see, finally, with an essence, because it is a combination that falls on formal elements that are not themselves or form or meaning, or representation, or content, or empirical reality given or hypothetical functional model, or intelligibility behind the appearances, no one better than Louis Althusser has assigned the status of the structure as identical to the "theory" itself, and symbolism must be understood as the production of original and specific theoretical object.

Structuralism is both aggressive: when reporting the general ignorance of the latter category symbolic, beyond the imaginary and real, as interpretation: when renewing our interpretation of works from this category and aims to discover an original point where language forms, the works are made, ideas and actions are tied. Romanticism, symbolism, but also Freudianism, Marxism also become the object of profound reinterpretation. Moreover, the work is legendary, the poetry, a philosophical work, works very practices which are subject to structural interpretation. But this reinterpretation applies only to the extent that it encourages new works are today, as if it were a fountain symbolic, inseparably, interpretation and creative living.


Second criterion: local or position

What is the symbolic element of the structure? We feel the need to go slowly, and once again say that it is not the first. Different from the real and imaginary, can not be defined either by pre-existing realities which forwarded, and appoint or imaginary or conceptual content-involving, and that would give a meaning. The elements of a structure have no extrinsic designation [to that structure] or intrinsic meaning [outside of the structure]. What's left? As Levi-Strauss points out rigorously, they have nothing else than a sense: a sense that is necessarily and only "position." This is not a place in a real extension, extensions or imaginary places, but of sites and places itself in a space structure, ie topological. What is structural, the space, but unextended space, pre-extensive, pure spatium up over time as order neighborhood, where the notion of neighborhood is specifically and primarily an ordinal sense and no significance in the extension. Or in genetic biology: genes are part of a structure as they are inseparable from "loci" more capable of changing relationships within the chromosome. In short, places a purely structural space are first in relation to things and real people who come to occupy, the first also in relation to the roles and the events always a little imaginary necessarily appear when they are busy.

structuralism scientific ambition is not quantitative, but topological and relational Levi-Strauss constantly raised this principle. And when Althusser speaks of economic structure, states that the true "subjects" are not there those who occupy the places, particular individuals or real men, nor the real objects are not there the roles they have and the events that occur, but first places in a space defined by topological and structural relations of production . When Foucault defines determinations such as death, desire, work, play, does not consider them as dimensions of human existence empirically, but first the qualifications of places or positions that will make mortal and dying, or desiring, or workers , or players who come to occupy, but they shall not occupy more than secondary, taking their roles in order of neighborhood which is the same structure. That is why Foucault can propose a new distribution of the empirical and the transcendental, being the latter defined by an order of locations regardless of those who occupy them empirically. Structuralism is inseparable from a new transcendental philosophy, which dominated on the places that fill them. Father, mother, etc., Are the first places in a structure, and if we are mortal, is taking a row, coming from a particular site, marked in the following order topological structure of the neighborhood (even if we move in our circuit).

"not only [a] subject, but the subjects taken as intersubjectivity, which are made in line ... and shaping their very being on the time that runs from the signifying chain ... the displacement of the signifier determines the subjects in their acts, their fate in their refusals, in their blindness [blind spot] in its success, and his fate, despite their innate abilities and social achievement, regardless to the character or sex ... "Can not say better than empirical psychology is not only justified, but is determined by a transcendental topology. This approach

based on position, an additional number of consequences. And first, if no designation symbolic elements extrinsic or intrinsic meaning, but only a sense of position, it is necessary to establish the principle that the meaning is always a combination of elements that are not themselves [by themselves or in themselves] significant. As Levi-Strauss says in his discussion with Paul Ricoeur, the meaning is always a result, an effect: an effect not only as a product, but an optical effect, an effect of language, a position effect. There is a non-deep sense of meaning, which is the very meaning. Thus becomes not what is called philosophy of the absurd. As for the philosophy of the absurd, is the sense that is lacking, essentially. Structuralism To the contrary, there is always much sense, overproduction, an overdetermination of meaning, always produced in excess by the combination of sites in the structure. (Hence the importance, in Althusser, for example, the concepts of overdetermination). The non-sense is not at all the absurd or the opposite of meaning, but what makes it worth and what causes circulating in the structure. Structuralism owes nothing to Albert Camus, but much to Lewis Carroll.

The second consequence is the taste of structuralism for certain games and some theater, some play areas and a theater. It is no coincidence that Levi-Strauss often relates to game theory, and of such importance to the playing cards. And Lacan, metaphors of games, that are more than metaphors: not just the passing-pass running in the structure, but the place of the dead that circulates in the bridge. Noblest games like chess are those who organize a combinatorial pure spatium places infinitely more profound than the actual extent of the board and the imaginary extension of each figure. Or cut your comment Althusser Marx theatrically speaking, but a theater that is not reality or ideas, pure theater of places and positions whose principle is in Brecht, and that perhaps today would find its most advanced Armand Gatti. In short, the manifesto of structuralism itself must be sought in the famous formula eminently poetic and theatrical thinking, is to make a play.

The third consequence is that structuralism is inseparable from a new material, a new atheism, a new anti-humanism. For if the place is first in terms of what occupies it, certainly not enough to put people in the place of God to change their structure. And if this place is the place of the dead, the death of God means the man's favor, we hope, of something coming up, but that can come only in the structure and its mutation. Thus it appears the imaginary character of man (Foucault), or the ideological character of humanism (Althusser).


Third criterion: the differential and the singular

What are, finally, these symbolic elements or units of position? Returning to the linguistic model. What is different both from the sound parts, and associated images and concepts is called a phoneme. The phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit capable of separating two words of different meaning: for example pool and catch. It is clear that the phoneme is embodied in words, syllables and sounds, but not limited to that. Moreover, the letters, syllables and sounds give independence, while itself is inseparable from the relationship that binds phonemic other phonemes: b / p. Phonemes do not exist relationships regardless of where they enter and which mutually determine.

We can distinguish three types of relationships. The first type is between elements that are independent or autonomous, for example 3 +2, or even 2 / 3. The elements are real, and these relationships should consider themselves real. A second type of relationship, for example x2 + y2 - R2 = 0, is established between terms in which the value is not specified [variables], but must in each case but have a certain value. Such relationships can be called imaginary. But the third type is between elements that do not themselves have any value, and which nevertheless determine each other in the relationship: well XDY + XDx = 0 or dy / dx = x / y. Such relationships are symbolic, and items are taken from a differential relation. d is completely unknown in connection with, and dx is completely unknown in relation to x: each of them has no existence or value or significance. And yet the relationship dy / dx is completely determined, the two elements interact in determining the relationship. It is this process of mutual determination of the relationship within which to define the symbolic nature. Happen to be looking for the origin of structuralism side axiomatic. It is true that Bourbaki, for example, uses the term structure. But it does, it seems, in a very different sense of structuralism. Then it comes to relationships between elements not specified, even qualitatively, rather than items specified reciprocal. The axiomatic in this regard would be even imagined, and not strictly speaking symbolically. The mathematical origin of structuralism should be sought on the side of the differential calculus, and just to the interpretation that it will Weierstrass and Russell, static and ordinal interpretation, finally freeing the calculation of any reference to the infinitely small, and integrates in a pure logic of relations.

A determinations of the differential relations corresponding singularities, distribution of singular points or curves that characterize the figures (eg a triangle has three singular points). Thus the determination of phonemic relations characteristic of a given language in which assigns the unique neighborhood are the sounds and meanings of language. The mutual determination of symbolic elements is extended since then in the complete determination of the singular points that provide a space for these items. The notion of uniqueness capital, taken to the lyrics, seems to belong to all domains where there is structure. The general formula "think, is to make a dice roll" itself refers to the singularities represented by bright spots on the dice. Every structure presents the following two aspects: a system of differential relations according to which the symbolic elements are mutually determined, a system of singularities corresponding to these relations and paving the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure. Every structure is a multiplicity. The question: Is there any domain structure? It should be specified as follows: can this or that domain, clear symbolic elements, differential relations and singular points that are themselves? The symbolic elements are embodied in beings and real objects in the domain considered, the differential relations are updated in real relations between these beings, the singularities are so many places in the structure, roles and attitudes distributed imaginary beings or objects that come to occupy.

is not about mathematical metaphors. In each domain is necessary to find the elements, relationships and points. When Levi-Strauss undertakes the study of the elementary structures of kinship, not only considers real parents in a society, or pictures of father who enrolled in the myths of society. He aims to discover real "phonemes" parentage, ie parentemas, position units not exist independently of the differential relations where they fit and determine each other. So the four relationships brother / sister, husband / wife, father / son, uncle, mother / sister's children, are the simplest structure. And this combination of "parental appeals" under, but a similar and complex way, "attitudes among relatives" who made certain singularities in the system. It can also proceed in reverse: from the singularities to determine the differential relations between symbolic elements last. Thus, taking the example of the Oedipus myth, Levi-Strauss of the singularities of the story (Oedipus marries his mother, kills his father, slain the Sphinx, is called the foot-swelling, etc..) To induce the differential relations between "mythemes" identified one another (over-estimated kinship, kinship underestimated denial of the autochthonous, persistence of the autochthonous). In any case always the symbolic elements and their relationships determine the nature of beings and objects come to embody [made, sustained], while the singularities are an order of the places that simultaneously determines the roles and attitudes of these beings While the deal. The determination of the structure is just a theory and attitudes that express their operation.

The singularities correspond to the symbolic elements and their relationships, but they seem. It would say that they "symbolize" with them. They are derived from them, and that any determination of differential relations implies a distribution of singular points. But for example: the values \u200b\u200bof differential relations are embodied in species, while the singularities are embodied in the organic parts for each species. The variables are few, the other functions. Nails are in the domain structure of appeals, the other, the attitudes. Levi-Strauss has insisted on two aspects, Bypass and yet of irreducibility, attitudes regarding appeals. A disciple of Lacan, Serge Leclaire, as shown in another domain of the unconscious symbolic elements necessarily refer to "libidinal movements of bodies, embodying the peculiarities of the structure in this or that place. Every structure in this sense is psychosomatic, or rather represents a complex class-attitude.

Consider the interpretation of Marxism Althusser and his collaborators: first, the relations of production are determined differential relations there as down, not real men or particular individuals, but between objects and agents having primarily a symbolic value (the subject of production, means of production, labor, workers immediate, immediate non-workers as they are taken in property relations and ownership). Each mode of production is then characterized by singularities that correspond to the values \u200b\u200bof relationships. And if it is clear that real men come to occupy the places and make [embody] the elements of the structure is holding the structural role assigned place (eg the "capitalist"), and serving as media relations Structural although "the real subjects are not those occupiers and those officials ... but definición y la distribución de estos lugares y de estas funciones». El verdadero sujeto es la estructura misma: lo diferencial y lo singular, las relaciones diferenciales y los puntos singulares, la determinación recíproca y la determinación completa.


Cuarto criterio: el diferenciante, la diferenciación

Las estructuras son necesariamente inconscientes, en virtud de los elementos, relaciones y puntos que los componen. Toda estructura es una infraestructura, una micro-estructura. En cierta forma ellas no son actuales [fenoménicas]. Lo que es actual, es aquello en lo que la estructura se encarna o más bien lo que ella constituye encarnándose. Pero en sí misma, ella no es neither actual or fictitious or real or possible, Jacobson raises the issue of the status of the phoneme: it is not confused with a letter, syllable or sound current, and there is also a fiction, an associated image. Perhaps the term virtuality designate exactly how the structure or object of the theory. A condition to terminate its vagueness, because the virtual is a reality of its own, but not confused with any actual reality, any past or present, there is an idealism that is proper, but not confused with any image possible, no abstract idea. Structure will be told: real without being actual, ideal without being abstract. Is why Levi-Strauss has often the structure as a sort of reservoir or ideal repertoire, where virtually all coexist, but where the updating is done according necessarily unique addresses, which always involve partial combinations and unconscious choices. Clear the structure of a domain is to determine an entire virtual coexistence with pre-existing beings, objects and works of this domain. Every structure is a multiplicity of virtual coexistence. L. Althusser, for example, shows in this sense that the originality of Marx (his anti-Hegelianism) lies in the way the social system is defined by a coexistence of elements and economic relations, without being able to engender enthusiasm on the following of a false dialectic.

What coexisting in the structure? All elements, relationships and values \u200b\u200bof relationships, all the peculiarities of the domain considered. Such coexistence does not imply any confusion, no uncertainty: are relationships and different elements that coexist in a perfectly and completely determined. Is that all is not updated as such. What updates, here and now, are such relationships, such values \u200b\u200bof relationships, such a distribution of singularities, others are updated elsewhere or at other times. No total language, which embodies all possible phonemes and phonemic relations, but the whole language virtual is updated following exclusive addresses in different languages, of which each embodies certain relationships, certain values \u200b\u200bof respect and singularities. No total society, but each embodies social form elements, relationships and production values \u200b\u200b(eg "capitalism"). We must therefore distinguish the overall structure of a domain as a set of virtual coexistence, and the substructures that correspond to the various updates in the domain. As virtual structure, we must say that she is still undifferentiated (indifférenciée), but is wholly and fully differentiated (differentiée). Structures that are embodied in one form or another current (present or past), we say that they differ (différencient), and updated, for them, is precisely differentiate (differencies). The structure is inseparable from this double aspect of this complex or can be designated under the name of differentiation (different / ciation), where t / c is universally given phonemic relationship.

Any differentiation, any update is done in two ways: species and parts. The differential relations are embodied in qualitatively distinct species, whereas the corresponding singularities are embodied in the extended parts and figures that characterize each species. Thus the species of languages, and parts of each in the vicinity of the singularities of linguistic structure, social modes of production specifically defined and organized parts that correspond to each of its modes, etc. Note that the update process always involves a temporary internal variable as it is updated. Not only every kind of social production is a global temporary internal, but their parties have organized special rates. Structuralist position with respect to time is thus very clear: time is always there an update time, according to which they are made at rates different elements of virtual coexistence. As time goes virtual the current, ie the structure to its updates, and not an actual form to another. Or at least the time conceived as a relation of succession of two current forms is content to express abstractly the internal time structure or structures that are made in depth in these two forms, and the differential relations between these times. And precisely because the structure is not updated undifferentiated in space and time, no distinction because of that species and parts that made, we must say in this sense that the structure of these species produce these parts them. She produces them as distinct species and parts. Although it can not oppose the genetic to structural as the time structure. The genesis, as time goes from virtual to actual, of the structure to its update, the two notions of temporality inner manifold, and static ordinal origins are inseparable in this respect the game of the structures.

is necessary to insist on that role differentiation. The structure is itself a system of elements and differential relations, but it also differentiates species and parts, people and functions in which it is updated. She is a differential in itself, and divisive in its effect. Commenting on Levi-Strauss, Jean Pouillon defined the problem of structuralism: can develop "a system differences do not drive their simple juxtaposition, or its artificial erasure? "From this perspective the work of Georges Dumezil is exemplary, from the point of view even of structuralism: no one has analyzed more generic and specific differences between religions, and the differences of parties and functions between the gods of the same religion. Is that the gods of a religion, for example, Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus, embody the elements and differential relations, while they find their attitudes and positions in the vicinity of the singularities of the system or "parts of society" considered , are therefore essentially different from the structure that updated or made them, and that the updated results. It is true that each of them considered only in today attracts and reflects the role of others, though it runs the risk of not finding anything original that this differentiation occurs from the virtual to actual. But it is precisely here that the border passes between the imaginary and the symbolic imagination tends to reflect and regroup on each term the total effect of a joint mechanism, while the symbolic structure ensures the differentiation of the terms and differentiation effects. From which structuralism hostility with regard to the methods of the imagination: criticism of Jung by Lacan, Bachelard's critique of the "new criticism." Imagination unfolds and reflects and identifies projects, games are lost in mirrors, but both the distinctions made, such as operating assimilations are surface effects that obscure the more subtle differential mechanisms of symbolic thought. Commenting on Dumézil Edmond Nettles says it well: "When you approach the material imagination, the differential function decreases, the tendency towards equivalence, when one approaches the forming elements of society, the differential function increases, it tends to distinctive valence. "

are unconscious structures, while [being] necessarily covered by their products or effects. Economic structure there is never pure, but the relationships covered by legal, political, ideological, in which it is embodied. Unable to read, find, find again that the structures from these effects. The terms and relationships that update, species and parts that made, are both expressions interference. It is a disciple of Lacan, J.-A Miller is the concept of a "metonymic causality" or Althusser, that of structural causality itself, to account for the presence of a very particular structure in their effects, and how they differ these effects, while these assimilate and integrate. The unconscious of the unconscious structure is a differential. One might think that structuralism and return to a pre-Freudian conception: Did not Freud conceived the unconscious in the way of conflict or opposition forces of desire, while the proposed Leibnizian metaphysics and the idea of \u200b\u200ban unconscious differential small perceptions? But Freud himself, there is a whole problem of the origin of the unconscious, its constitution as "language", which exceeds the level of desire, associated images and links to object. Conversely, the unconscious differential is made of small perceptions of the real and the passages to the limit, but variations of differential relations in a symbolic system based on distributions of singularities. Levi-Strauss is right to say that the unconscious is neither desires or representations, that is "always empty, consisting only in the structural laws imposed by both the representations as to the wishes.

is that the unconscious is always a problem. Not in the sense that its existence is doubtful. But is it the same problems and issues that are resolved only to the extent that the corresponding structure is made, which are always resolved in the manner in which it is made. As a problem is always the solution it deserves based on how it is raised, and the symbolic field which is available for planting. Althusser may have the economic structure of society than the range of problems she raises, she is determined to pose, and she resolves on its own means, ie according to the lines of differentiation according to which the structure updated. Taking account of the absurdities and cruelties ignominy these "solutions" behave because of the structure. Similarly Serge Leclaire, after Lacan, can distinguish between psychosis and neurosis, and neurosis among them, not so much types of conflicts and the modes of questions, which are always the answer they deserve in terms of the symbolic field where raised: that the hysterical question is not the obsessive. In all this, problems and issues but do not designate a provisional and subjective time in the development of our knowledge, but rather a category perfectly objective, "seek" full and complete than are those of the structure. The unconscious is both structural differential problem posing, cuestionante. In short he is, as we shall see, serial.


Fifth criterion: serial

All this however still seems unable to function. Is that we could not define more than one half of structure. A structure does not start moving, not encouraged, rather than whether we'll replace your other half. Indeed, the symbolic elements defined above, taken in their differential relations are necessarily organized in series. But, as such, are related to another series, consisting of other symbolic elements and other relationships: This refers to a second series is easily explained if we recall that the singularities arising from the terms and relations of the former, but not content with to replicate. As they themselves are organized in a series capable of autonomous development, or at least the first necessarily forwarded to that other series. So phonemes and morphemes. Either the economic series, and other social series. Or the triple series of Foucault, linguistic, economic, biological, etc. The question of whether the first set forms a basis and in what sense, if it is significant, the others being only meant, is a complex issue whose nature we still can not pinpoint. Should only note that any structure is serial, multi-serial, and would not work without this condition.

When Levi-Strauss takes up the study of totemism, shows how the phenomenon is poorly understood as it is interpreted in terms of imagination. For the imagination, as His law totemism necessarily conceived as the operation by which a man or a group is identified with an animal. But symbolically, it is another thing: no imaginary identification of a term with another, but the structural homology of two sets of terms. On the one hand a number of species taken as elements of differential relations, on the other hand a number of social positions covered themselves symbolically in their own relationships: confrontation is "between these two sets of differences," these two sets of items and relationships.

The unconscious, according to Lacan, is neither individual nor collective, but intersubjective. Ie which involves a series development: not only the signifier and signified, but at least the two series are organized in a very variable depending on the domain considered. One of the most famous texts of Lacan says "The Purloined Letter Edgar Poe, showing how the" structure "staged two series whose sites are occupied by subjects variables: the king who does not see the letter - Queen who boasts of having it so much better hidden since has left little doubt - minister who sees everything and that takes hold of the letter (first series), police found nothing in the house of the minister - minister who claims to have hidden the better the letter in both leaves evidence - Dupin who sees everything and recovering the letter (second series). Already in an earlier text, Lacan commented on the case of The Man of rats on the basis of a double series, paternal, filial, in which each put into play on four terms in order of places: debt-friend, Female rich-poor women.

Obviously the organization constitute a structure series are a true staging, and requires in each case accurate evaluations and interpretations. There is absolutely no general rule, we played here the point at which structuralism is both a true creation, as an initiative and discovery are not without risk. The determination of a structure is not only a choice de elementos simbólicos de base y de las relaciones diferenciales donde entran; no solamente tampoco por una distribución de puntos singulares que les corresponde; sino aún por la constitución de una segunda serie, al menos, que mantiene relaciones complejas con la primera. Y, si la estructura define un campo problemático, un campo de problemas, es en el sentido en que la naturaleza del problema revela su objetividad propia en esta constitución serial, que hace que el estructuralismo se sienta a veces próximo a una música. Philippe Sollers escribe una novela, Drame, pautada por las expresiones “Problema” y “Fallado”, en el curso de la cual se elaboran series vacilantes («una cadena de recuerdos Marine goes to his right arm ... left leg, however, seems to work for mineral clusters') a. Or attempting to Jean-Pierre Faye Analogues, concerning coexistence narraciónb serial modes.

"Now that's what the two series empid simply reflect one another, and since then identify their terms one by one? The entire structure would fall on the status of a figure of the imagination. The reason that conjures a risk that is strange in appearance. Indeed, the terms of each series are inseparable in the gaps themselves, or who suffer displacement in relation to the terms of the other, are thus inseparable variation of differential relations. For the purloined letter, the minister, in the second series comes to occupy the place that the queen had at first. In the series subsidiary of The Rat Man, the poor woman who comes to take the place of his friend in connection with the Debtco. Or in a double set of twins birds and quoted by Levi-SRAUSS, twins who are the "top people" in relation to people below, are necessarily the place of the "birds of below", not the birds above. This relative displacement of two series is not entirely secondary, not to affect a term comes from the outside and secondly, to give an imaginary costume. By contrast, the displacement is itself a structural or symbolic belongs essentially to the places in the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure, and rules and all the costumes imaginary beings and objects that are secondary to occupy these places. That is why structuralism gives much attention to metaphor and metonymy. These are in no way figures of the imagination, but first structural factors. There are even two structural factors in the sense that they express the two degrees of freedom of movement, from one series to another and within the same series. Far from being imaginary, preventing the series encourage imagination confused or duplicate its terms. But what then these movements are related, if absolutely part of the places in the structure? Sixth


criteria: the empty box

turns out that the structure involves a completely paradoxical object or element. Consider the case of the letter in Poe's story as Lacan says, or for debt, in The Man of rats. It is evident that this object is mainly symbolic. But we say "essentially" because it does not belong to any particular series, the letter is nonetheless present in the two series of Edgar Poe, the debt is present in both sets of The Rat Man. This object is always present in the corresponding series, walk in and moves in them, continues to circulate in them, and each other, with extraordinary agility. It seems that is his own metaphor, and metonymy itself. The series in each case consist of symbolic terms and differential relations, but he seems otherwise. Indeed, it is in relation to the variety of terms and the variation of the differential relations are increasingly determined. The two sets of a structure are always different (under the laws of differentiation). But this particular object is the point of convergence of divergent series as such. It is "essentially" symbolic, but precisely because is inherent in the two series simultaneously. How do you call it, but object = x, object or large mobile guessing? We have doubts anyway: what J. Lacan invites us to discover in two cases, the particular role of a bill or debt - Is it an artifact, with the rigor applied in these cases, or it is a truly general method, valid for all domains-structural, approach for any structure, as if a structure is not defined without the allocation of an object = x that continues to explore its series? As if such a literary work, or work of art, but also other works, works of society, the disease, life in general, to wrap this particular object as governing structure. And as if it were always find out who is H, or discover an x \u200b\u200binvolved in the work. Thus for the songs: the saying relates to an object = x, while the songs are divergent series in that it circulates. It is true that the songs have an elementary structure.

A disciple of Lacan, André Green points to the existence of tissue that circulates in Othello, covering all series of the piece. We also spoke of two series of the Prince of Wales, Falstaff or jester father, Henry IV and the real father, the two parent images. The crown is the object = x that runs the two series, with terms and under different relations, the time trial crown prince, his father died while still marks the passage from one series to another, changing the symbolic and the variation of differential relations. The dying old king is angry, and you believe your child wants to identify with him early, but the prince can answer, and show a wonderful speech that the Crown is not the object of an imaginary identification, but rather the term essentially symbolic that runs all series, the series infamous Falstaff and the large real number, which allows the passage of one another within the same structure. There was, as we have seen, a first difference between the imaginary and the symbolic: the role of the symbolic differentiator, as opposed to assimilating reflective role, and drummer desdoblante imaginary. But the second border appears better here: from the dual character of the imagination, the Third essentially involved in the symbolic system, which distributes the series, the relative movement, the report makes even preventing one imaginatively folded over the other. Debt

, letter, or crown tissue, the nature of this object is specified by Lacan, is always displaced in relation to itself. Its property can not be where he is wanted, but also revenge to be found where no is. It will say "kick in his place" (and by no means is real). Also missing in his own likeness (and it is therefore not an image) - is lacking in his own identity (and therefore not a concept.) "What is hidden is never more that what is needed instead, as it says the search tab of a volume when the library is missing. And this even though it was hidden on the shelf or in the box next to that would be hidden, and there appeared visible. Can not be said of the letter (to the letter (à la lettre) that this lack in place rather than what you can change, that is symbolic. As for what concerns the real, regardless of the shock that he can contribute, is always there in any case, what has stuck to the soles of her shoes, but we know nothing to exile him there. "If the series that the object = x runs necessarily present the relative displacement relative to one another, is it because the relative locations of the structure dependent terms in the first place overall in each in every moment, in relation to the object = x sow circulating always shifted in relation to itself. It is in this sense that the displacement, and more generally all forms of change, a character is not added from outside, but the fundamental property that defines the structure and order of the locations under the change of relations. The whole structure is moved by the original Third-but lacking in their own home. Differences distributed throughout the structure, by varying the differential relations with their movements, the object = x is the differentiating of the difference itself.

games need of the empty box, without which nothing would advance or work. The object = x is not distinguished from its place, but it belongs to this place for travel all the time, as the empty box jump without ceasing. Lacan calls the place of the dead on the bridge. In the pages that open admirable words and things, he describes a painting by Velazquez, Foucault invoked the king's place, under which everything moves and slides, God, then man, never fill it. No structuralism without this degree zero. A Philippe Sollers and Jean-Pierre Faye likes to invoke the blind spot, a point designating the mobile always behaves blindness, but from which writing is possible, because it is organized as true literemas series. J.-A. Miller, in an effort to develop a concept of structural causality or metonymic Frege making a zero position, defined as missing in their own identity, which determines the constitution serial numbers. E even Levi-Strauss, that in some respects is the most positivist of the structuralists, the less romantic, less inclined to support a fugitive element, recognized in the "mana" or its equivalent, the existence of a "floating signifier" of symbolic value zero circulating in the structure. The well reached the zero phoneme Jakobson, which itself does not involve any differential character or phonetic value, but in relation to which all phonemes are in their own differential relations.

If it is true that the structure is critical to determine the language of "virtual" pre-exist the work the work is structural itself when it proposes to express their own virtues. Lewis Carroll, Joyce invent "tagline" esoteric words or more generally, to ensure sound verbal match series and the simultaneous series of related stories. In Finnegans Wake, is even a letter (lettre) is Cosmos, which brings together all the world series. In Lewis Carroll, the tagline connotes two sets of base at least (speaking and eating, food serial number and verbal) that may themselves branch, and the Snark. It is wrong to say that such a word has two meanings, in fact, is of another order that words have meaning. It's nonsense that encourages at least two series, but provides them with meaning flowing through them. Is it, in its ubiquity, in its perpetual movement, which produces the sense in each series, and one of a series to another, and continues to offset the two series. = X is the word as denoting the object = x, the object problematic. As word = x, through a series of determined as significant, but at the same time as object = x, runs the other series given as the meaning. Does not stop at a time of deepening and filling the gap between the two series: Levi-Strauss shows him the way of "mana", assimilated to the words "trick" or "machine" [French]. Is actually thus, as we have seen, that nonsense is not the absence of meaning, but on the contrary, the excess of meaning, or what provides meaning to the meaning and significance. The effect appears here as the effect of operation of the structure in its series of animation components. And indeed, the tagline is not just a procedure among others to ensure that circulation. The techniques of Raymond Roussel, as Foucault has analyzed are of different nature: based on differential relations phonemic, or even more complex relationships. In Mallarmé, are systems of relations between sets, and mobile than encourage, and even otherwise. Our Objective is to analyze all the procedures are done and modern literature, playing with a whole topography, with a whole typeface "future book", but only to note that in all cases the effectiveness of this box empty double face, both word and object.

What is this object = x? "It is and must remain the perpetual object of a riddle, an enigma, the perpetuum mobile? This would be a way to remember the objective consistency that takes the category of the problem within the structures. And it's good finally to the question "what is recognized as structuralism?" Leads to the position something that is not recognizable or identifiable. Consider Lacan's psychoanalytic answer: the object = x is determined as a phallus. But the phallus is not the real body, nor the series of related images or associations: it is symbolic phallus. It is however certainly that sexuality is not just another thing here, unlike the pious ever new temptations in psychoanalysis recant or minimize sexual references. But the phallus appears, not as a sexual figure and as the empirical determination of one sex, but as the symbolic body entirely based sexuality as a system or structure, and in relation to which the occupied sites are distributed variably by men and women, and also the series of images and realities. Designating the object = x as phallus, no question as to identify this object, this object confer an identity that is repugnant in nature, for, on the contrary, the symbolic phallus is what is lacking its own identity, always found there where it is and that is not where he is wanted, always displaced in relation to itself, the mother's side. In this sense it is certainly the letter and the debt, the tissue or the crown, the Snark and the "manna." Father, mother, etc. Are symbolic elements taken into differential relations, but the phallus is something else, the object = X that determines the relative place of the elements and the variable value of relationships, sexuality that make a structure entirely. Is a function of displacement of the object = x that relationships vary, as relations between "partial drives" constitutive of sexuality.

The phallus is clearly not a final answer. The place is even a question, a "demand" that characterizes the empty box of the sexual structure. The questions and the answers vary depending on the structure considered, but never depend on our preferences, nor an abstract causal order. It is clear that the empty box of an economic structure, in exchange Merchandise must be determined in another way: is "something" that can not be reduced or the terms of trade, or exchange the relationship itself, but forms a third eminently symbolic in perpetual movement, and depending on which will define changes relationships. Such is the value as an expression of a "work in general, beyond empirically observable qualities, rather than the issue that crosses or runs the economy and structure.

It follows a more general result, concerning the different "orders." There should be no doubt, from the perspective of structuralism, resuscitate the problem: is there a structure that determines all other ultimately? For example, what comes first, the value or the phallus, the fetish economic or sexual fetish? For various reasons these questions are meaningless. All structures are infrastructures. Arrays of structures, linguistic, familial, economic, sexual, etc., Are characterized by the shape of its symbolic elements, the variety of differential relations, the kind of singularities, finally and above all by the nature of object = x presiding operation. But we could not establish a causal linear order of a structure to another, rather than giving the object = x in each If gender identity which essentially repugnant. Between structures, causality can not be more than one type of structural causality. In each order of structure, indeed, the object = x is not in any way an unknowable, a pure indeterminate is perfectly determinable, including their displacement and displacement mode that characterizes it. It just is not assignable, ie not fixable in an identifiable location in a genus or species. It is because he is the last kind of structure or place total: there is therefore identity rather than to fail to this identity, or rather more than to move in relation to any place. Therefore, the object = x is for each structure order the empty place or perforated to allow the order link up with the others in a space that brings so many directions and orders. Arrays of structures are not reported in the same place, but all communicate with each other by empty space or object = X respectively. That's why, despite some hasty pages of Levi-Strauss, not a privilege claim to the social fabric ethnographic, psychoanalytic sexual structures referring to the empirical determination of an individual more or less desocialized. Even the linguistic structures can not pass symbolic elements or significant past: precisely to the extent that the other structures are not content to apply by analogy methods borrowed from linguistics, but discover their own true languages, although they were not verbal, always brings his significant, its symbolic and differential relations. Foucault, placing for example the problem of relations ethnography, psychoanalysis, is right then to say "they are cut at right angles as the signifying chain by establishing an individual's unique experience is perpendicular to the formal system from which are the meanings of culture. In every moment of the structure of both the individual experience in the systems of the society a number of possible choices (and of excluded possibilities) are inversely social structures in each of its points of choice a number of possible individuals (and others are not). "

And in each structure, the object = x must be capable of accounting: 1 the way they are subject in the order the other orders of structure, these are not involved rather than as dimensions of update, 2 of the way which he is subordinate to the other orders in his (and not only involved in their own update); 3 of the way in which all objects = xy all levels of structure are reported each with others, each order defines a dimension of space that he is absolutely first, 4 second conditions in which, at some point in history or in certain cases, certain size that corresponds to a certain order of the structure is not displayed by her but remains subject to the update of another order (the Lacanian concept of "foreclosure" would have here again a critical). Latest


criteria: the subject to practice

In a sense, places are not filled or occupied by real people but to the extent that the structure is "updated." But in another sense we can say The places are already filled or occupied by the symbolic elements at the level of the structure, and are the differential relations of these elements that determine the order of places in general. There is therefore a primary symbolic filled before any filling or any secondary occupation for real people. Only, we are meeting with the paradox of the empty box, since this is the only place that can not be filled, even for a symbolic element. She should keep her empty perfection to move in relation to itself, and to cycle through the elements and varieties of relationships. Symbolically, it must be for itself its own symbol, and free forever from his own half that would likely come to occupy. (This gap is however not not be, or at least this is not the be negative, be positive is the "problem", the objective being a problem and a question). That is why Foucault might say, "You can not think of a vacuum and the missing man. For this void does not prayed a failure, does not require a gap to fill. Is nothing more and nothing less than the deployment of an area in which it is finally possible to think again. "

But if the empty place is filled by a term, this does not cease to be accompanied by an eminently symbolic following all movements, accompanied not be occupied or filled. And both the body and place, never cease to fail one another, and thus accompanied. The subject is precisely the body that follows the empty place: as Lacan says, is less subject to subject-subject to the empty box, attached to the phallus and its movements. Her agility is unmatched, or should be. Also the subject is essentially intersubjective. Announce the death of God, or even the death of man is nothing. What matters is how. Nietzsche showed because God dies in various ways, and that the gods die, but laugh when listening to a god who says he is the One. Structuralism is not all thought that suppresses the individual, but a thought that makes crumbs and distributed systematically answering the subject's identity, it dissipates and passed from place to place, subject always nomadic, makes individuals, but impersonal singularities but pre-individual. In this sense Foucault speaks of "sprawl" and Levi-Strauss can not define an instance of subjective rather than as a dependent object conditions under which certain systems of truth become convertible and therefore "acceptable to several subjects simultaneously '.

two major accidents since the structure is left undefined. Or the empty box and mobile is no longer accompanied by a nomadic subject underlining its travel, and its emptiness becomes a real lack a gap. Or is the opposite full, busy so that accompanies it, and mobility is lost in the full effect of a sedentary or fixed. One could also say, in linguistic terms, while "significant" has disappeared, as the flow of meaning is no longer significant element that spelled, while the "meaning" is gone, the chain is not significant as meaning that the scroll: two pathological aspects of psychosis. You could even say, theo-anthropological terms, that as soon as God grows the desert and dig a pond on earth, man full, it occupies the site, and in this vain permutation we passed an accident to another: that is why man and God are the two diseases [fundamental] land, ie the structure.

important thing is to know under what factors and at what times these accidents are certain structures of a given order. Consider again the analysis of Althusser and his collaborators: firstly show how, in the economic sphere, the adventures of the empty (value as object = x) are marked on the goods, money, fetish, capital, etc. that characterize the capitalist structure. On the other hand, show how well the contradictions arise in the structure. In short, how the real and imaginary, that is the real people who come to occupy the places and the ideologies that express the image that they themselves are closely determined by the interplay of these adventures and structural contradictions derived from them. Certainly not because the contradictions are imaginary: they are properly structural and qualify the effects of the internal time structure of its own. Do not say because of the contradiction is apparent, but is derived: derived from the place empty and its future in the structure. Generally, real, imaginary and their relationships are always secondary engendered by the operation of the structure, which begins to have its primary effects in itself. That is why it is not at all from outside which we called just now "accidents" comes to the structure. This is as opposed to a "trend" immanent. These events are ideal as part of the structure, affecting symbolically empty box or the subject thereof. We call them "accidents" to draw better, not a contingency basis or exteriority, but this character very special event, inside the structure as long as this does not ever reduce to a simple essence.

From there, a set of complex problems posed by structuralism, concerning the "mutations" structural (Foucault) or "transitional forms" of a structure to another (Althusser). It is always based on the empty box to the differential relations are susceptible to new values \u200b\u200bor variations, singularities, able to deliver new, constitute another structure. It remains that the contradictions are "resolved", ie the empty place is cleared of symbolic events that hide or fill, which is returned to the subject that must accompany new paths, without occupy or abandon. There is also a structuralist hero: neither God nor man, neither personal nor universal, is without identity, made up of individuals not personal and pre-individual singularities. Ensures the outbreak of a structure affected by excess or defect, he opposes his own ideal event to the events just defined ideals. Belonging to a new structure would not start again similar to the old adventures, not to revive fatal contradictions, that depends on strong and creative force of this hero, his agility to pursue and safeguard the movement, its power to several relations and to redistribute the singularities, provided by a dice roll. This point mutation define precisely a practice, or rather the very place where the practice should be installed. For structuralism is not only inseparable from the works he creates, but also a practice in relation to the goods he plays. That this practice is therapeutic or political, it designates a point of permanent revolution, or permanent transfer.

latter criteria, the subject and practice, are the darkest-criteria of the future. Over the preceding six characters, we wanted to just pick up a system of echoes between authors very independent from each other, exploring many different domains. And also the theory that they they propose to these echoes. A different levels of the structure, the real and the imaginary, the real people and ideologies, the meaning and contradiction are "effects" that should be included in the output of a "process" itself a differentiated production structure: genesis strange static "effects" physical (optical, sound, etc.). Books against the structuralism (or those against the new novel) are not strictly not matter, they can not prevent that structuralism has a productivity that is of our time. No book to ever have anything important, just have the books "for" something new, and who can afford it.

classified

Does Bonjela Help Abbcess

THE CONCEPT OF "STRUCTURE" IN THE TEACHING OF

Butts Mr. Ignacio Iglesias

Source: Latin American psychology ISSN 1870-350X versão on-line Psicol. Lat Am. n.8 Mexico in November. 2006 ANALYSIS AND THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY.
Retrieved 20 / 02/08
.---------------------------------------- SUMMARY ----------------------------------------



This paper aims to clarify and question the concept of "structure" in the teaching of Lacan, as well as reflect on the use of it in the clinical psychoanalytic Lacanian orientation. Is relevant distinguish, using the concept of structure, if the concept meets any of the various branches of philosophical structuralism or if this is a unique invention of the author's thought. While not explore Lacan's work in its entirety, is located some milestones-a-key approach to our thinking as proposed. The tour begins work by the anthropology of Levi - Strauss in which Lacan says watering at the beginning of his teaching, v which imbues and anthropological concepts such singular inflection, related to mathematics. In another section, we will analyze the problem of clinical structures and epistemological status. Then to investigate in depth some concepts drawn from topology and develop in light of the drawings that the concept of structure is taking, we completed our work by proposing and highlighting some definitions of "structure" in Lacan's work aimed to offset the subject in a lattice structure that transcends the concepts of individual and "interiority of the unconscious."

Keywords: Structure, Structuralism, Clinic, Topology.


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ABSTRACT The purpose of

this work is to elucidate the concept of " structure "in Lacan ore works and to think about the use that lacanian psychoanalysts give to it in the clinical practice. Is relevant to precise in the use of the concept of "structure" if it responds to the use that philosophic structuralism makes of it or if its an original production of the author above mentioned. Although we will not explore the whole Lacan ás works we will set some boundary posts to argue about what we think they are inescapable points. Our itinerary begins from Levy – Strauss ás anthropology in which Lacan says to lean at the beginning of his teaching and at which he stamps his own reading and use, near to mathematics. In another paragraph, we will analyse the problem of clinical structures and its epistemological problems. After inquiring into depth some topological concepts we finish Our exposition and outstanding putting forward Some definitions of the concept of structure That allow the Decentralization of the Subject in a truss structure of That Breaks Through the notion of "individual" and "interiority of the Unconscious."


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problematization of the concept of "structure" in the teaching of Lacan


" What is the structure? Structuralism in mathematics

We can say that an initial approach to the question of the concept of "structure" in Lacanian psychoanalysis should discard the analysis of discourse analysts.

will then clarify and explain its usefulness to self-understanding of structure-what we have when we appeal to it, since the uniqueness of the concept or unambiguous reference can be systematically challenged. Then try to locate some landmarks, primarily in the work of Lacan, to carry out our purpose, we anticipate: incomplete.

The psychoanalytic clinic should include not only question the analysis, but analysts question, "Lacan held in the" Opening of the clinical section. Why not start interrogating him?

We do the term structure a we can authorize employment in Claude Levi - Strauss "said Lacan understood 1960.1 What Lévi - Strauss structure? In the introduction to his" Structural Anthropology ", Levi - Strauss Durkheim quoted today saying the following observation (1900): "Certainly the events that concern the structure are somewhat more stable than the functional phenomena, however, between the two orders of fact there are only differences of degree. The structure itself is in the future ... Is formed and decomposes steadily, is the life that has reached a certain degree of consolidation, and distinguish it from the life she determines equivalent to dissociate inseparable. "2 Thus," only the system is structured to meet two conditions: a system regulated by an internal cohesion, and this cohesion, inaccessible to observation of an isolated system, is revealed in the study of the transformations through which it is possible to find similar properties in apparently different systems ".3

We will not stop the development of structuralism itself, but simply try to reflect on some slots based on the concept Lacan of structure, as discussed below, it is wrong to relate to the French structuralist without more, not after decade of `70 in the development of their teaching.

Back to the "comment on the report of Daniel Lagache" which is the text of 1960 that we cited more arriba4. Lacan in that letter and slips some differences with the concepts of Levi - Strauss says the drink. Enter the category of the mathematical set by subtracting the concept of "structure" one of its pillars: the notion of totality.

set the category to enter, is our agreement, because it avoids the implications of all or debugged. But this is not to say that their items are not isolable, or summable: at least, if we look at the notion Set any guarantee rigor that is on the mathematical theory. "What parts are in turn structured" shall mean then that they themselves are susceptible to symbolize all the relationships defined for the set, which go far beyond his distinction and his meeting, however opening. The elements are defined actually there the possibility of being raised in terms of subsets as covering any relationship defined for the whole possibility that the essential feature is not limited by any natural hierarchy "5.

read in the" Observation on the report ...": "pretend that the transcendental aesthetic has to be redone for the time when the language has been introduced in science undeniable status: with the structure defined by the articulation of the signifier as such. "6 It is clear that here the joint structure is significant as such, since it is" original machine that puts it on stage the subject. "7. The significant joint-structure, is then the condition of production of the subject in language much effect.

is also in this text which criticizes the Kantian conception of aesthetic Transcendental essential to understand another of the definitions that arise from the structure Lacan, this time in relation to the Borromean knot: "This is (...) (...) a structure that completely changes the scope of the word space in the sense that is used in the Transcendental Aesthetic "8. Why? Because much of the effort that is the core teaching is geared to drive borromeano9 thinking beyond the imaginary, beyond the body. The question the Transcendental Aesthetic knots and, therefore, the Cartesian coordinates, the Imaginary. "Knots in the complication, is very suitable for us to relativize the intended three dimensions of space, based only on the translation we do to our body in a volume of solid "10 says Lacan.

To return to space, seems to really be part of the unconscious structured like a language, "11 says later, is that space is inseparable from the structure so defined.

While disputes brought up here can not be denied, however, some points of continuity of Lacanian thought and structuralism which is associated with the work of Althusser, Barthes, Foucault, Jakobson, Levi - Strauss, etc. "combinatorial structure replaces metaphysical discourse of the essence, the analysis of phenomena in terms of positions and try to invalidate relations empiricism, meaning is conceived as an effect of the structure and operation of shift positions. "12 The horizon of our is precisely this question: Have we "ontologized" structure?

clinical structures and the epistemological problem of definition

us return to the clinic, a field that generated the questions raised here. What do we mean by hysterical or obsessional structure, for example? The epistemological problem of clinical types is addressed in the production of Lacan in the decade of `70. Examples of this concern is their "Autocomentario" 1973 and "Introduction to the German edition of a first volume of the writings" of the same year. Thus, in the first of these articles says: "The issue begins the fact that there are types of symptoms, ie knots, which is a clinic, a clinic that is before the speech analytic (...) analysis, discourse, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe symptom as knot sheds some light on this clinic before? "13. And he asks later in the same text:" There is everything? If I have spoken of the clinical types, was not without reason. I would like to make an observation, is that the subject of a hysterical or obsessive-type according to clinical-old, no use to others of the same type. "14 The problem, perhaps opaque at first glance, is that if there is only the particular analysis (And if the enjoyment is written uniquely) and if "that responds to the same structure does not necessarily have the same meaning," 15 how to transmit psychoanalytic knowledge generalizable to this mismatch in their midst? How to account formally for a clinic that part of the Real that is, by definition, an impossible sense? Is not Lacan's work, if not all, most, a great effort to formalize a knowledge to make it transmissible? 16

is at this impasse where Lacanian heuristic comes into its relief and showing at fault shown dam castration also hovering the theory itself. With his concept of not - all the places Lacan Real gravitation as a theory itself in the move she made to apprehend him, pointing out the logical problem of truth in science: there is Everything, the whole Universal is the first proved.

structure as a hole: the absence of sex ratio and Borromean knots. Scriptures of the Real

Where does this leave the concept of structure? If we stop for example in the conceptualization of psychosis in the last period of Lacan's work, and not so much that in psychosis "something missing", which would lead to draw the conclusion that the structure is psychotic no evidence of a relationship with a significante17, but it is something you have enrolled different than the neuroses and perversions. This is a Real "remains enigma, until the analysis is not unhook the spring pseudo - sex: that is real that is part (...) neurosis, perversion, or psychosis." 18 The clinical structures is proposed here as various forms of inscription and writing-of the Real, and positioning before the castration, lack, the hole, the sex ratio.

insist: Where is then the concept of structure? "My dear structure proves to be (...) Borromean knot" 19 Lacan responds to us, but it is clear that we have stuck away from structuralism beaches year `60.

"The actual structure is what comes up in the language. And of course has nothing to do with the" good form, "" 20 he argues in "The atolondradicho." "My topology is made of a substance that is beyond reality that they are motivated to practice. It is not theory. But you must realize that, cuts of the speech, there are those that modify the structure to which Originally it welcomes "21 adds a few lines later. Note here that the well defined structure can be modified. This is not to say that there is a chance of passage between the structures of neurosis and psychosis for example, but it is indisputable that we can detect traces cross mixed up between them. Then

"topology is not" sent to do to orient "in the structure. She is the structure: as feedback on the order of the chain that is the language." 22

And one last dip in the cumbersome text: "it is clear that in terms of significance, that" is captured "in the subphrase, seudomodal, fishing is the same as a verb object wrapped in its grammatical subject, and that effect is no false sense of imagination induced resonance topology, depending on the effect of subject (...) is "mirror". Here we must distinguish the ambiguity register with the significance, or cutting the ribbon, and the suggestion of hole, ie, structure, that this ambiguity makes sense "23 says Lacan and footnote reads:" I hope that here see that the allocation of structuralism, understood as understanding the world, one more in the guignol (from fr. Puppet) with which we represent "literary history" (...), it not what I meet. "24 explicit detachment here. It is clear then that there is "structuralism" but "structure".

a particular subject and in particular a network of structures

begin this article to guide our inquiry into the analysis of discourse analysts to refer to "the" structure as if it were obvious, its definition remains a truism. Have we not surreptitiously but steadily sliding into a ontologization-structure? Have we fallen into a new essentialism which implicitly assumes that "the" structure is a kind of invisible architecture that is inside of someone?

Against the reification of a structure-let alone the unconscious, Lacan reflects, "there is the question-and how-to would not arise if indeed the structure is punctuated by the Other's desire (...), if the subject is born and included in the language (...) and already determined in his unconscious by the Other's desire, why not have in all this a certain solidarity? The unconscious does not preclude, if the unconscious is that structure, the structure of language (...) the recognition of the desire of the Other as such, in other words the network-network structure from which the subject is a particular given it is conceivable that communicate with other structures: the structures of the parents, by the way, and why not, if necessary, with those structures that are a stranger, however little, says Freud, that his attention is thus a little on the other hand, "25 says Lacan in relation to health floating freely.

Why do not we have highlighted the concept of network structure, for example, while being more consistent with the concepts developed in the "first part" of Lacan's work (such as "the unconscious is the discourse of the Other", " desire is the desire of the Other ", or" the unconscious is structured like a language ") that uniquely refers to" the "structure?

we be sure then to assert that the unconscious structured like a language is not "inside" one (the language too), and topology goes to show that, to be relevant systematic and detailed review, not as the one described here, understand what by quoting Lacan structure, looking more appropriate to refer to various types and levels of structure, in different strata of different power structure and structuring such an event, including perhaps the concept of Tyche, "in the register of the Real you can print a shift in the structuring of the psyche, especially in childhood and adolescence, why not in vital moments of any subjectivity, neurotic, psychotic or perverse.

As you can go from the development of this text, not the status differential structuring the different subjectivities (neurosis, psychosis, perversion) have what is questioned, but the accentuation of closed points of the structures, limit points and closure points instead of open, supplementarity, the possibility of difference. Is not this the definition of significant?

might think that the methodological and clinical value of certain structuralist thought is not affected by the non - ontological value. It is in this line of work we like to think the various inscriptions of the Real, emphasizing the writing of the differences. Bibliography


reference


Albano, S., Levit, A., Rosenberg, L. Dictionary of Semiotics, Ed Quadrata.

Castoriadis, C. The analysis, design and elucidation, Ed New Vision.

Derrida, J. "Structure, sign and play in the discourse of human sciences," in Writing and Difference, ed Anthropos.

Erasmus of Rotterdam, The Praise of Folly, Ed Altaya.

Godoy, C. "The rib of the signifier. Clinical and detail: the phenomenon and structure in psychosis," in R. Mazzuca et al. Psychoses, and structure phenomenon, Ed Bergasse 19.

Goldschmit, M. Jacques Derrida, an introduction, Ed New Vision.

Grannon - Lafont, J. The basic topology of Jacques Lacan, Ediciones Nueva Vision.

Grannon - Lafont, J. Topology and Lacanian psychoanalytic clinic, Ediciones Nueva Vision.

Harari, R. What is the name James Joyce? From "The sinthome" Lacan Amorrortu Editors.

Lacan, J. The seminar, book 3, psychoses (1955-56), Ed

Lacan, J. "From a preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis" (1957-58), in Writings 2, Siglo XXI Ed.

Lacan, J. "Comment on the report of Daniel Lagache:" Psychoanalysis and personality structure, "in Writings 2, Siglo XXI Ed.

Lacan, J." Responding to a student of philosophy on object of psychoanalysis "(1966), in the place of the analyst, Ed Universidad de Los Andes.

Lacan, J. The Seminar, Book 20, Even (1972-73), Ed

Lacan, J." The thoughtless, the atolondradicho or turns these "(1972), in Scansion 1, Ed

Lacan, J. Introduction to the German edition of a first volume of the Writings (1973), One by One World Magazine Psychoanalysis, American Edition, Spring 95, 42, Ed Eolia.

Lacan, J. "Autocomentario. Intervention in the congress of the Grande - Motte "(1973), One by One, World Journal of Psychoanalysis, Latin American Edition Summer 96, 43, Ed Eolia.

Lacan, J. The seminar, book 21, The names of the parent or unwary Non err (1974-75), unpublished.

Lacan, J. "The third" in speeches and articles 2 (1974), Spring Ed.

Lacan, J. Psychoanalysis. Radio and TV (1974), Ed Anagram.

Lacan, J. "London Conference", in Issues in the theory and technique, Ed University of the Andes.

Lacan, J. The seminar, book 22, RSI (1975-76), unpublished.

Lacan, J. "Joyce the Symptom I" (1975), One by One, World Journal of Psychoanalysis, American Edition, Fall 97, 44, Ed Eolia.

Lacan, J. "Joyce the Symptom II" (1975), One by One, World Journal of Psychoanalysis, American Edition, Spring 97, 45, Ed Eolia.

Lacan, J. The seminar, book 23, The sinthome (1976-77), unpublished.

Lacan, J. The seminar, book 24, L'inputs that binds bévue sait de l'Sail to Mourre (1977-78), unpublished.

Le Guen, C. The practice of psychoanalytic method Gedisa Ed.

Levi - Strauss, C. "Structural analysis in linguistics and anthropology," in Structural Anthropology, Ed Eudeba.

Lévi - Strauss C. "Introduction", in Structural Anthropology, Ed Eudeba.

Miller, JA "action structure" in mathematics I, Spring Ed.

Miller, JA "The suture. Elements of the logic of the signifier" in the place of the analyst, Ed Universidad de Los Andes.

Miller, JA "Structure", in Elucidation of Lacan, Ed Eol - Paidós.

Nicolini, S. (Eds). Levi - Strauss, Barthes, Moles et al. Structural analysis, Center for Latin American Editor.

Pasqualini, G. "Fantasy and the ghost" in knots. Writing real, Ed Letra Viva.

Piaget, J. "Using structures in social studies, "in Structuralism, Ed Proteus.

Porge, E." The imbroglio of failure "in Littoral 4. Approaches topological Editorial Tower abolished.

Porge, E." nodal writing "in Littoral 4. Approaches topological Editorial Tower abolished.

Robey, D. Introduction to structuralism, Alianza Editorial.

Rodulfo, R." Serial and supplement "in Psychoanalysis again. Elements for the deconstruction of traditional psychoanalysis, Ed Eudeba.

Sánchez, F. "Structure in Psychoanalysis", in psychosis. Clinical considerations. Logic and Topology, Ed Light.

Sánchez, F. "No - everything. Inconsistency of the Other. Foundations of Frege natural numbers" in psychosis. Clinical considerations. Logic and Topology, Ed Light.

Sciarretta, R. "From informal psychoanalysis Matesis - matheme," Journal of Psychology Argentina, Year X, No. 26, Publication of the Association of Psychologists of Buenos Aires.

Thion, S., Levi - Strauss, C., Barthes, R., Godelier, M. Approach to Structuralism, Ed Galerna.

Vallejo, A. For an epistemology of psychoanalysis, Ed Seibal.

Wahl, F. What is structuralism? Ed Losada.




Correspondence

Ignacio Iglesias Butts
E-mail: ignaiglesias@yahoo.com.ar





1Lacan, J. "Comment on the report of Daniel Lagache:" Psychoanalysis and personality structure ", in" Writings 2 ", Ed Siglo XXI, pg. 628.

2 Levi-Strauss," Structural Anthropology ", Ed Eudeba p. . XXXIV.

3 Levi-Strauss, "Structural Anthropology", Ed Eudeba, pg. XXXV.

4 It is appropriate that we refer here to a previous text we chose to begin our brief analysis. This is the chapter "The significant, as such, means nothing in Chapter XIV of the seminar" psychosis "(1955-56). It notes the idea supplementarity open relationship and the dynamics of the structure, concepts that aim at flexibility in the proposed structural analysis.

5Lacan, J. "Comment on the report of Daniel Lagache:" Psychoanalysis and personality structure ", in Writings 2, ed Siglo XXI, pg. 628.

6 Lacan, J. "Comment on the report of Daniel Lagache:" Psychoanalysis and personality structure ", in Writings 2, ed Siglo XXI, pg. 629. Ditto

7 above.

8 Lacan, J. The seminar, book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-err unwary" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 38. Ditto

9 above, p.. 40.

10 Lacan, J. The seminar, book XX, Even (1972-73), Ed, pg. 161. Ditto

11 above, p.. 163.

12 Goldschmit, M. "Some structural features," in "Jacques Derrida, an introduction", Ed New Vision, pg. 17.

13Lacan, J. "Autocomentario" One by One in the World Journal of Psychoanalysis, American Edition, No. 43, pg. 18.

14 ditto above.

15 Lacan, J. "Introduction to the German edition of a first volume of the Writings "digital version, pg. 4 (Print version: One by One, World Review of Psychoanalysis, Latin American Edition, No. 42).

16 In the way of formalizing the Real, note that the knot of three "is also a writing" (Lacan, J. The Seminar, Book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-dupes err" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 122 ) and what can be written in logical knots are made, ie, the condition of enjoyment "(Lacan, J. The Seminar, Book XX, Even (1972-73), Ed, pp. 157 and 160) .

17 Both at the Seminar 3 as "From a preliminary ..." Lacan understands the psychosis so deficient, that is, as the result of the absence of a very particular signifier, the Name - the - Father, following the "defect of metaphor symbolic "(Lacan, J." From a preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis ", in Writings 2, ed Siglo XXI, pg. 546), ie the paternal metaphor. "Psychosis is a hole in a free kick wide of the signifier" (Lacan, J. The Seminar, Book III, "psychosis", pg. 287). It should be noted here that this absence implies a surplus on the other side: the pleasure that is clear from the positive signs of psychosis, delusions and hallucinations.

18 Lacan, J. Psychoanalysis. Radio and TV (1974), Ed Anagrama, pg. 93.

19 Lacan, J. The seminar, book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-dupes err" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 98.

20 Lacan, J. "The thoughtless, the atolondradicho or turns these" (1972), in Scansion 1, Ed, pg. 48. 21ídem

previous page. 49. The italics are ours. Ditto

22 above, p.. 55. Ditto

23 above, p.. 56. The italics are ours. Ditto

24 above.

25Lacan, J. The seminar, book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-dupes err" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 28 and 29. The italics are ours.


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Lacan: Overview of the transference neurosis



Sigmund Freud Source: http://www.cartapsi.org/revista/no1/freud1.htm

German Translation: José Luis González Fernández
Proofreading: Karin Gomez Frode


thank Subjectivity and Culture magazine and those who do (Mario Campuzano, Enrique and Miguel Guinsberg Matrajt), have kindly provided the text for publication in Freud Psychoanalytic
Contents Letter

After making a detailed examination, attempting to summarize characters, marking comparatively each time.

The moments are: repression, substitutive formations and symptoms, contrainvestidura, accounting regarding sexual function, regression, provision. Restrict neurosis three types: anxiety hysteria, conversion hysteria and obsessional neurosis.

a) Repression- Found in three types neurosis on the border of the systems unconscious and preconscious. Consists of the removal or denial of the endowment preconscious, secured by a sort of contrainvestidura. In obsessional neurosis, in most states later, the contrainvestidura moves to the preconscious-conscious border.

Play 6 that the next group enforcement is a different topic, then it also expands the concept of cleavage.

topical point of view should not be overrated in the sense that any relationship between the two systems can be locked 5llegar appreciation for that. It will thus be essential for meditation, among which elements this obstacle introduced. Success and Completion



are interrelated by the fact that the Rep ion failure requires further efforts. The success varies according to the 3 neurosis and each of its individual stages.

The child's success (it produces) in anxiety hysteria corresponding to the failure to establish any kind of representation> representanz < preconsciente y (consciente): Más tarde en lugar de la indecente > intolerable < un sustituto se toma preconsciente y consciente. Finalmente la formación de fobias alcanza su objetivo inhibiendo los afectos displacenteros mediante > a < gran renuncia, intentos de escape.

> The < propósito de la represión es siempre evitar al displacer. El destino de la representación (repraesentanz) es sólo ser señal de proceso. El aparente desmontaje (separación) del proceso de defensa en representación > Vorstellung < y afecto (representación) > repaesentanz < y factor cuantitativo). De aquí se produce precisamente, que la represión en > the wort < denegación de la palabra > < se sostenga, por lo tanto, el carácter tópico de la represión.
In
Vorstellung obsessional neurosis, the success> of repression < es inicialmente completo, pero de ningún modo permanente. Proceso aún menos concluido. Este prosigue luego de una primera fase exitosa a través de dos fases ulteriores. La primera (represión secundaria, formación de la representación obsesiva, > Vorstellungen Vorstellung < lucha entre representaciones obsesivas) > < así como también la histeria de angustia se conforma contabilidad formaciones sustitutivas, más adelante (terciaria) > is < produce una renuncia y limitación correspondiente a las de la fobia, pero a diferencia de ésta, trabaja contabilidad recursos lógicos. Por lo contrario el éxito > < en la histeria de conversión es completo desde un inicio, pero adquirido mediante una formación sustitutiva. Este proceso del singular mecanismo de represión tiende a ser más completo.
repression
Contrainvestidura

In anxiety hysteria> the contrainvestidura < primero está ausente. Pura tentativa de escape y se dirige luego > to < representaciones sustitutivas > Vorstellungen < y se establece especialmente en la tercera fase en un rodeo de las mismas para asegurar desde ahí la liberación del displacer en calidad de vigilancia y atención. Representa la acción del preconsciente, así como del esfuerzo que la neurosis cuesta.

In obsessional neurosis, where from the beginning it is a defense against an ambivalent impulse> is < nos brinda la primera represión exitosa, posteriormente se producen formaciones reactivas gracias a la ambivalencia. Se da entonces en la tercer fase la atención que es característica de la neurosis obsesiva y proporciona el trabajo lógico, así en la fase dos y tres como lo es en la angustia a diferencia de la fase uno en donde la angustia nada produce, en la neurosis obsesiva se produce todo. Ella siempre asegura a la represión una correspondiente acción del preconsciente.
The hysteria
facilitates a more fortunate because the search from the beginning contrainvestiduras a meeting instinctual endowments accounts to link to it on a compromise, which determines the choice of representation> Repraesentanz <.

substitutive formation and symptom formation.

is for the return of the repressed, and the failure of repression. For a given period are differentiated, later run together. Most conjunction

occurs in conversion hysteria: substitute = symptom, just separated. Likewise, in anxiety hysteria, alternative education provides the first return of the repressed.

In obsessional neurosis are clearly different in the fact that the first alternative training comes from the suppression of contrainvestidura and is not considered as a symptom. However, delayed symptoms of obsessional neurosis are essentially> a < retorno de lo reprimido, siendo en ellos menor la acción de la represión.

The formation of symptoms, where part of our study, accounting always match the return of the repressed and accounting produces the help of the regression and the fittings that are available.

A general law states that the regression back to the setting and from there force the return of the repressed.

Sexual Function Value accounting.

For this continues to hold the drive motion before long repressed as a libidinal drive belonging to the sex life, while the repression of the I for several reasons, which can be summarized as I can (because of sobrefuerza) or unwilling . This refers to incompatible accounting ideals of self or other harm feared by the ego. This fundamental aspect is overshadowed by two points: the first, often has the appearance that the crackdown was spurred by the conflict of two motions, both libidinal and is particularly frequent and clear.

This is diluted after the consideration that one of these is ego-syntonic and conflict may request assistance from the resulting suppression of the ego.

The second, between the repressed libidinal aspirations not only find but also aspirations of the self clearly and often in states accounting longest and most advanced developed neuroses. The latter is 1ocaliza so that the repressed instinctual impulse seeks to impose itself on a detour through an aspiration that I paid him an item, it transfers energy and is carried accounts that> the motion < a la represión, lo que puede llegar a ocurrir en forma masiva. Contabilidad esto no se altera la vigencia de aquella frase > general law <.

above requirement is understandable knowledge out of the very early establishment of the neurosis, hysteria and obsessional neurosis, it is obvious that repression directed against the sexual function in its final form, which purports to represent the right to procreation. Again, as clearly seen in conversion hysteria as there are no complications, first obsessional neurosis is a regression. While not exaggerate this relationship, ie, we do not assume that the suppression takes effect right at this stage of the pro libido otherwise obsessional neurosis argues that the repression is a more general process does not depend on the libido, but directed here towards previous levels. As well as the evolution of development is required repression against evil motions in simple series.

Question. Why the crackdown here is successful and not so in other cases? In the nature of the libidinal aspirations no substitution possible, so that the repression of the normal aspirations are strengthened evil and vice versa. On sexual function repression has no relationship that we strive to be the rejection, so it will be in the regression and in some other destination drive.

relationship with sexual function is less clear in the case of anxiety hysteria towards the reasons we saw when we treat the anxiety. It seems that the anxiety hysteria involves a shift since the requirement sexual instinct, seen as too large, it is rejected as dangerous.

not require any consideration of the organization of the libido. Regression



> < El más interesante momento del destino pulsional. D4esde la histeria de angustia no hay ninguna circunstancia que la adivine. Podría decir que aquí no entra en consideración > is declining <, probablemente debido a que en toda histeria de angustia se retrocede claramente a una infantil (la disposición modelo de la neurosis) y ésta última se manifiesta en una época temprana de la vida. Por el contrario, las otras dos > < constituyen un mejor ejemplo para la regresión, aunque en este punto a regresión desempeña un papel diferente para la estructuración de cada una de las neurosis <:>
transference neurosis
In conversion hysteria and regression is a very strong return to the stage without distinction between preconscious and unconscious, that is, without speech or censorship. The regression will however the formation of symptoms and the return of the repressed, instinctual arousal is not supported by the current self, it uses one previous where you will find a different form of rejection. It has been said that this leads to a form of libidinal regression.

In obsessional neurosis is different. Regression is a regression of libido> < no sirve al retorno > of the repressed that proper < sino a la represión, y es facilitada ante una sólida fijación constitutiva o por un desarrollo incompleto. Cabe aquí el primer paso defensivo hacia la regresión, donde se trata más bien de una regresión > < dicha que de una inhibición del desarrollo, y organización libidinal es sometida en adelante a una represión típica, aunque no exitosa. Una parte de la regresión yoica es impuesta al Yo por la libido, o se produce ante el desarrollo incompleto del Yo, relacionado aquí con la fase libidinal (disociación de las ambivalencias).

F) (available)

Hidden behind the repression are fixing problems and disposal. Regression can say in general terms that extend to a form of fixation, whether in the development of the ego or libido, and this point shows the arrangement. This then is the> point < decisivo, el momento en el que se presenta la decisión por la elección de neurosis. Valdrá entonces la pena extenderse en ello.

fixation is performed through development phase which was marked too hard, or perhaps has lasted too long to pass that as a result completely at the next stage.

clearer ideas of where and what variations exist in fixation, better not ask. But say something about its origin. There is the possibility that these bindings are both brought them clearly as they are given early impressions, or finally, the two factors act simultaneously. Although one can argue that the two moments have a property ubiquity, since all there are constitutional provisions on the child and otherwise effective impressions affect many children in similar ways.

It is about a more or less and an effective meeting. Since no one is inclined to put into question constitutional moments, it falls to defend psychoanalysis accounts force the rights of the procurement functions of early childhood. In obsessional neurosis the time is otherwise establishing more clearly recognized that the accidental conversion hysteria, it must be admitted. The detailed distribution is still uncertain whatever it is.

Where the constitutional moment fixation is considered, not thereby be taken away it just moves to ancient times. For accounting can also be justly assert that inherited dispositions are acquired remains of the ancestors. Accounting crashes here the problem of phylogenetic available behind the individual or ontogenetic, and no contradiction can be found when the individual at their disposal base inherited from past experience adds new provisions of singular importance.

Why should extinguish the setup process on the basis of an experience produced by the individual whose neurosis is scanned? Or what created this provision for their offspring, not purchase it for yourself? .. seem rather a necessary complement.

still not possible to determine to what extent the phylogenetic arrangement may contribute to the understanding of neurosis. Moreover, it is also pertinent that consideration extends beyond the narrow field of transference neurosis.

The final major of the transference neurosis could not be assessed in this scenario, since pro usually do not attract attention, and only through contrast accounts the narcissistic neurosis would be relevant. (This character is in compliance the object. Value of the Self in order) 7.

Alongside this broadening of the horizon would advance to the forefront the relationship of I accounting the object and purpose test would be the common hallmark. Here we allow for some preparation.

I hope the reader, in addition to a nuisance in many paragraphs, has also noticed, as everything is built on a very careful and painstaking observation and holding the same indulgence if ever the critical position back to the fantasy by exposing things that are uncertain only because they are inciting and opened his eyes to the remote.

reach is also legitimate to assume that even the Neurosis must provide testimony about the history of psychic evolution of men. I have demonstrated in the article (on the two principles) that can be attributed to man's sexual competences different from other development trends of the self. The essential reason is that the first group could be satisfied auto-erotically, while I rely on trends since the beginning of the object and this therefore accounts of reality.

Broadly we have grasped what the evolution of human sexual life (three trials for sexual theory). It is more difficult to understand the development of the human self, ie self-preservation functions and the training derived from them. I only know the sole intent of Ferenczi, who use psychoanalytic experiences for that purpose. Of course our job easier if we dilucidáramos the history of the evolution of the self from the other side instead of having to undertake research so far. The impression that accounting is done this is that the evolutionary history of the libido repeated part of the evolution much earlier than that of I, the first may repeat the circumstances of the family of vertebrates, while the other leans towards the history of mankind.

There is now a series which can bind diverse and broad thinking. It arises when the psychoneuroses (not only the transference neurosis) are sorted according to time and the point which come into play in individual lives. So is the story of anguish almost the earliest, followed by conversion hysteria (the fourth year onwards), a little later in prepuberty (9-10) gives way in children with obsessive neurosis. The Narcissistic Neurosis absent in childhood. Of these, the dementia praecox in its classic form is a condition of puberty, the Paranoia is coming to years of maturity, and Melancholy Mania, also at the same time, otherwise undefined.

The series would then be:

Anxiety - Conversion Hysteria - Neurosis Obsessive - Early Dementia - Paranoia - Mania, Melancholia.

fixing provisions for these conditions seem to be also in a series in reverse order (obviously) 8 especially when considering the provision libidinal. Therefore, the later the Neurosis comes into play, the more the need for regredient to earlier libidinal phase. However this is valid only in broad strokes. Conversion hysteria certainly goes against the primacy of the genitals, obsessional neurosis against the state sadistic, finally, the 3 Transfer Neurosis in the first instance against evolution libidinal consummated. Neurosis
narcissistic
But back to previous stages to meet the object. Early Dementia regredient makes a move to auto-eroticism, the Paranoia to narcissistic homosexual object choice, Blues narcissistic identification depends on the accounts on the subject. The differences are in the fact that dementia undoubtedly comes into play before the Paranoia much his willingness to retract behind libidinal and Melancholy Mania "does not allow safe temporary classification. So no one can argue that and temporal order of the psychoneuroses whose existence is positive, is determined by evolution alone libidinal. While this relationship is successful, would be greater between the two opposite character.

accounting is also known that the time of hysteria or obsessional neurosis can develop into dementia, never the reverse. However, phylogenetic another series can be formulated, which is really the same time course of Neurosis. Only this can only gain momentum and agree to establish more of a mid scenario.

Dr. Wittels was the first to propose the idea that the human animal living in an extremely rich in all their needs were covered, half that remains reflected in the original myth of paradise. It is likely that there the periodicity of the libido has been exceeded, which in mammals is still attached.

Ferenczi, already at work rich in thoughts above, exhibited the idea that the further development of primitive man came under the influence of geological targets on earth, and especially the need for ice ages stimulated cultural development. It is generally accepted that the human species existed in the ice age and has experienced the influence during that period.

Taking the idea of \u200b\u200bFerennczi, we are very near the temptation to recognize in the 3 provisions of anxiety hysteria, conversion hysteria and obsessional regressions, the phases which recognizes that once all of humanity must have traveled from beginning to end of ice ages and then all men were then as they are today only a part to the strength of the hereditary predispositions and the new acquisition.

course, these pictures can not fully ensure, as neurosis involves more than the regression in itself brings. She is also the expression of resistance against this regression and a compromise between the archaic and the demands of obsessional neurosis. More than any other, is under the sign of the internal contrasts.

Neurosis then required, while the repression has succeeded in it, play an archaic box. With our first formulation presupposes that humanity, under the influence of the shortcomings imposed by the abrupt ice age, it became generally prone to anxiety. The hitherto essentially friendly outside world that gave any satisfaction, became of massive threatening dangers. Before

everything new all the conditions were ripe for real trouble. Initially, in fact, the sexual libido lost their objects, they are human, though one might think that its very existence threatened, the ego is clear from the burden of maintaining order and libido in the ego becomes what in real trouble object-libido once was. Thus we see that the child distress, as opposed to dissatisfaction, the child becomes object libido in real trouble against the foreign , although it accounts also generally tends to yield and distressed at everything again.

We had a long discussion as to whether the real anguish is anguish before longing, if the child moves in real trouble because his libido is considered dangerous and massive, thus leading to the representation of danger, or before good access to general distress and it accounts also learn to be afraid of their unsatisfied libido.

Our inclination is to accept the first, to give priority eager to anxiety, but we need to do a special provision. We are obliged to explain it as a trend overall infant. The preponderance phylogenetic now clarified the controversy in favor of real distress and allows us to assume that some of the children bring home the anguish of the ice ages, and this also leaves unsatisfied libido treat as an external danger. However, the relative excess of libido would escape that provision and permit the acquisition of our disposition to anxiety. Anyway, the discussion of anxiety hysteria Phylogenetic provision would weigh on all other times considered.

2) Accounting advancement of hard times should be in men threatened in their existence, the conflict between self-preservation and enjoyment of the play that finds expression in most typical case of hysteria. The food then was not enough to allow growth of the hordes, and the strength of the individual was not enough to keep alive many defenseless. Killing babies probably encountered resistance in love, especially narcissistic mothers.

Thus, restricting reproduction became a social obligation. Perverse satisfactions that do not lead to procreation escaped the ban that promoted some regression to the libidinal phase prior to the primacy of the genitals. The limitation should have affected more severely and quickly to women than to men unconcerned about the consequences of abstaining from sexual intercourse.

This whole situation clearly corresponds to the requirements for conversion hysteria. At the same symptoms that a man still talking when pro is an urgent need imposed a ban on breeding, and therefore had not built the system on the Unconscious Pcs. Therefore, the conversion hysteria also returns prepared, especially women, under the influence of the prohibitions they want to rule out genital function, while exciting strong push early impressions genital action.

The subsequent evolution is easy to build .......

3) further development is easy to construct. Corresponded specifically to men. Having learned to save the libido and sexual activity have declined by regressing to a previous phase of intelligence activity took for him a role.

learned to investigate, to understand a little hostile world, and through inventions, to get a grip on it first. Developed under the sign of energy developed the rudiments of language and (probably) attached great importance to new acquisitions.

Language (was a) magic for him, his thoughts seemed omnipotent, understand the world according to his ego. Is the period of the animistic worldview and his magical technique. As a reward for his strength to secure the lives of so many helpless beings, won the (right to a) feudal control over them, (creating) in his personality the idea first two provisions: that he was untouchable (free to be damaged) and that its availability on women could not be discussed.

Towards the end of this period the species was dispersed in droves were dominated nuclear (on line) father, a brutal man, strong and wise. Perhaps the nature selfish, jealous and unscrupulous as the considerations of the psychology of the people attribute to the parent primitive human horde, did not exist from the start but that would be formed during the glacial period as a result hard to adapt to necessity.

characters of this phase of humanity are those who repeat the obsessional neurosis, (although) a negative part as the neurosis through their reaction formations provides an opposition to the return. The sobreacentuación in thinking, the great energy, force feedback, omnipotence thoughts, are features that remain unchanged.

But against the brutal impulses intended to replace the love life, stands in opposition further developments, which libidinal conflict from ending crippling the vital energy of the individual and can only survive to the impulses that are displaced to small submissions under form of obsession.

Thus, this valuable human trait in cultural development, in return succumb to the demands of love life just as the great type of primitive father, who later returns in the form of divinity succumbed to reality to the family relations he created.

4) So far we would come to meet one of the programs provided by Ferenczi to 'unify the accounting neurotic types of regression stages of human history "perhaps not too daring speculative deviations.

However, we lack any relationship to continue accounting narcissistic neuroses manifest themselves later, if no relief comes in the event that the disposition of these was purchased in a second generation, whose evolution leads to a new phase of human culture.

This second generation begins Accounting those children (boys) that the father does not support primitive jealous. We have included elsewhere (1y1) (Toleman and Taboo) and are expelled when they reach puberty. Another solution is cruel observed in the psychoanalytic experience, ie (the primal father) deprived them of their manhood. (Y) and harmless, could remain in the herd work as assistants.

We represent the effect of castration in that primitive time as an extension of libido and an arrest of individual development. This state seems to repeat (se) (en) early democracy, initially in the form of hebephrenia leads to the abandonment of any object of love, the retreat of all the sublime and the return to auto-eroticism. The young guy behaves as if suffered even self-castration castration real is not uncommon in this condition.

should not be taken into account in shaping the phylogenetic picture, other disease characteristics such as language disorders and delusional episodes, as they relate to attempts to cure the many attempts to retrieve the object which in the box the disease are almost more striking in duration than their own regressive manifestations.

The hypothesis of this treatment for children, accounts for a question to be answered the way where does the successor and replacement of the early fathers if they had emerged from their children this way?.

Alkinson already has taken the lead in pointing out that only the older children to fear the persecution of the father, but the other, lower-thinking schematically, through the mediation of the mother, but in essence due to the aging of the father and their need for help, could escape this fate and become the successor to the father.

This preference for the child was completely suppressed in the subsequent social structures and replaced by the more privileged. Although clearly in the myths and stories that have been preserved.

5) Further processing could only occur when children threatened by castration avoid fleeing the and learning to cope with the struggle for existence allying itself.

This generated feelings and social coexistence may be based on homosexual sexual satisfaction. It is quite possible that you can appreciate the heritage of this phase the long-sought provision to homosexuality.

and social sentiments arising from the sublimation of homosexuality we became a world heritage site and base of any society further. But it is clear that this phase involves a return to the paranoia, or rather, against the return of that (phrase) that the paranoia (shun) argue, without missing the secret alliances and the pursuer who plays a key role. In an attempt

pro defend against homosexuality that is the basis of the fraternal organization, the paranoia has to expel from society to attack and destroy their social sublimation.

6) The integration of Melancholy-mania in this context seems to deal with the difficulty can not be precisely established normal age for the onset of this condition neurotic individual. However, it is safer than it belongs more to the age of maturity to childhood. On the property

alternating depression and elation, it's hard not then send us a similar succession of allegory and mourning that makes up regularly throughout the ceremony. Mourning the death of God, joy in his resurrection.

But, as we intuit through the data of the psychology of peoples religious ritual that repeats itself, now in reverse, the behavior of members of the fraternal clan after killing and had vanquished primal father: his triumph over death and mourning for him, as everyone had revered as a model.

Thus, this major event in the history of mankind that ended the primal horde and replaced by the victorious fraternal organization, would seem to provide a predisposition to particular succession of mind that we recognize as a special narcissistic condition, along with the paraphrenia.

Mourning for the primal father comes from identification with him and we have shown that this identification is provided for the mechanism of melancholia.

We can say that in short, whether the provisions at 3 transference neurosis have been acquired in the struggle against the hardships of the ice age, then the bindings that are in the origin of the narcissistic neurosis arising from harassment exercised by the father, who at the end of the Ice Age, continues against the second generation who had assumed the role.

As the first phase derives fight patriarchal culture, the second is social, but both are derived return fixations that millennia later, become as provision for two groups of neurosis.

So in this sense also the neurosis is a cultural acquisition. If the parallels we have noted that a comparison is more playful and to what extent can solve puzzles unresolved neurosis, clarify what further investigations and new experiences.

The time has come to think of some objections that warn us that we should not overestimate the deductions reached. At first it will be evident that the second set of provisions, the second generation, could be acquired only by men (and boys), while that dementia praecox, paranoia and melancholy are also produced by women.

in primitive times women have lived with even more dissimilar to those of today. Therefore, these provisions have a difficulty which is free the first series, appear to have been acquired under conditions that preclude the inheritance.

Clearly castrated and intimidated the children have no access to reproduction, so it is not transmitted predisposition (dementia praecox). But the mental state of children expelled related (through) homosexuality, can have an influence on generations following, as sterile as lateral branches of the family is extinct until it has triumphed over the father.

But if this triumph is achieved constitutes experience across generations that is not the necessary multiplication to recognize indefinitely. As one might think, not be intimidated by the data of land so dark. At bottom, the difficulty is identical to one filed earlier: as we continue the brutal father of the ice age, who was not immortal, divine image in a post.



arises again the youngest son will become a father. Without him neutered, knows the fate of his older brothers and fears for himself, must tempted to flee as the most fortunate and give them (also) to women.

Thus, the side of the infertile men discarded, is a succession of other men who always carry in his person the destinations male, which can transmit such provisions (hereditary). Remains the essential, for it (the youngest) the need of the times is replaced by coercion from the parent.

The triumph over the father should be raised and fantasy in the course of many generations before it gets done. The spread on women of the provisions created by coercion seem to be a father more serious difficulty.

The fate of the women in those remote times remain veiled by a particularly dark. Could have existed even living conditions that we have not recognized. However, the point that we can overcome the biggest problem is that we must not forget human bisexuality.

Thus, women can receive the dispositions acquired by man and even highlight them itself. With all these arguments is clear that we can not at the bottom nothing more than having stolen our scientific fantasies absurd accusation.

Overall, retain their value as healthy disappointment, if perhaps we aimed to locate the available phylogenetic above everything else.

development is such that constant proportions, perhaps regulated archaic constitutions resume in the new individual and that because of conflict with the demands of reality turn into neurosis.

There is room for new acquisitions and influences that we do not. So we are not the end but the beginning of the phylogenetic understanding of these factors.

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: agalma

Source: www.tuanalista.com/Diccionario-Psicoanalisis/3952/Agalma.htm - 19k - Brightness

phallic object to where it is defined not as desirable end of desire but as a cause of desire. The word "agalma" emerging from the Greek epic poetry, has become one of the most fruitful concepts of Lacanian theorization of desire in the transference. This term was highlighted by Louis Gernet in his article "The notion of valeur in mythique Grèce" (Journal de Psychologie, Oct.-Dec., 1948). Designates a number of valuable furniture and bright objects. Agallein agalma comes from, "decorating" and "honor." Lacan compares it with the roots of agaomai, "admire", and Aglaia, the "bright." In that draft archeology of the concept of value, Louis Gernet shows that are objects agálmata exchange and transmission: the Seven Sages tripod Necklace Eriphyle, Golden Fleece, ring of Polycrates. Its origin, always mysterious-emergence of the sea, meeting and wonder, divine wedding, "makes them emblems of power, but also their loss as long as possible. Beneficial or maleficent magic items, are the attraction of searches and transmissions, whose brilliance forged epic poetry with the language itself. At the beginning of the era of commodities, precious object, performance and value sign denotes the currency to the extent that this is beyond pure rationality of exchanges and transmissions calculable. Agalma, therefore, is input what goes in and through the exchange, and should therefore be desirable to place in nature trade and language. Lacan, the seminar of 1960-61, the disparity in subjective transference, its intended location, its technical excursions, introduces the notion of agalma about the issues raised by the transference love: what is the relation of the subject unconscious with the object of your desire? The object of desire that is not all-encompassing round object, like a sovereign right, whose presence and whose absence fills frustrated in a dual context, the relationship is only conceivable subject from a list of three. When you tell the Symposium of Plato, Lacan shows agalma mobilizes the love of Alcibiades and Socrates: agalma is beautiful and bright that object would be hidden in the grotesque silane which is compared with the philosopher in atopy. However, Socrates refuses to respond to the advances of Alcibiades, not to frustrate or exacerbate their desire, but to show the nature of transference love and designate the true origin agalma: Agathon, the third, however, Lacan not continuing Plato's dialectic that guides the soul from the love of beauty to the highest good. Insists


not what should guide the desire, but at the object which moves: secular status of the object to cause it to speak the desire [cause: cause / speak]. For in this dictionary, the operative nature of the concepts is inseparable from significant games of the tongue where these are made: that happens to cause [cause] and talk. The psychoanalyst who is the in indicating Lacan with the notion of agalma, not so the high priest that "start" on what is good and beautiful, nor is the evaluator of the good or bad objects. "It is not beauty, or asceticism, or identification with God what you want Alcibiades, but this single object, that something he saw in Socrates and what Socrates diverted, because Socrates knows that it does not. But Alcibiades want the same thing. The Agathon looking in, no doubt it is the highest point must be that the subject is abolished in the ghost, its agálmata "(Seminar on the transfer, cap.11). The object agalma is adorned with phallic reflexes, is the object, while passing him a gleam of loss for what to expect other than not going out there, this negative dimension of the phallus (-phi .) In "Subversion of the subject and dialectic of desire," Ecrits, p.. 825, Lacan writes: "Included in the object is the agalma, this priceless treasure that Alcibiades claims contained in the box rustic way to him the figure of Socrates. But note that is affected with the (-). Because he has not seen the tail of Socrates ... Alcibiades the seductive agalma exalts him, the wonder that Socrates had wanted to cede confessing his desire, revealing in the opportunity to all glow the leading division of the subject itself. " Lacan's insistence on the agalma, its decision not to amalgamate by no means the object cause of desire with the ideal of a well, indicate a rigorously ethical position in driving and at the end of the psychoanalytic cure, which can lead to analysand to seize the object that guide and conclude that knowledge. This notion, as it moves away from any idealization, may clarify certain aspects of practice art: the splendor of the work is very close to the subjective division for those who enjoy it, whether artist or amateur, but not imprisoned in the status of illustration of the phantom, on the contrary, the repetition time of the time fugitive enigmatic agalma is shining splendor of the object.


Finally, the focus on the object agalma in the analysis of transference and the resolution of this has helped to clarify certain aspects of the transmission of psychoanalytic practice. In Proposition of October 9, 1967, published in the journal Scilicet, No. 1, Lacan also shows that the operative nature of this notion concept establishes its position. This transmission away from essentializing the subject, it removes subjectively through the analysis of the ghost, while the psychoanalyst, supposed to know, is marked by a DESS for which should be criticized all attempts of normalization and metaphysical foundation of this practice. The theoretical rigor of this passage is not tax, in fact, neither the Convention nor the evidence. "This shift in which the subject is taking security capsizing of the ghost in establishing for each its window on reality, what we perceive is that the capture of desire is none other than a Desser . Desser is revealed in this subject of course inessential to know, where the analyst is devoted to the essence of desire, willing to pay to fall, he and his name, the (...) any significant way, being the desire to be in the know enough to be reborn from there a band made of single edge in entering a single fault, which holds the agalma. " Precisely what such a real gap, with the idea and the experience of "passing" in the Freudian School of Paris attempted to raise the issue of training of psychoanalysts and the transmission of psychoanalysis on conceptual foundations that do not permit the domain [maîtrise] perverse unconscious subject's relationship with the object that causes desire.

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