THE CONCEPT OF "STRUCTURE" IN THE TEACHING OF
Butts Mr. Ignacio Iglesias
Source: Latin American psychology ISSN 1870-350X versão on-line Psicol. Lat Am. n.8 Mexico in November. 2006 ANALYSIS AND THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY.
Retrieved 20 / 02/08
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This paper aims to clarify and question the concept of "structure" in the teaching of Lacan, as well as reflect on the use of it in the clinical psychoanalytic Lacanian orientation. Is relevant distinguish, using the concept of structure, if the concept meets any of the various branches of philosophical structuralism or if this is a unique invention of the author's thought. While not explore Lacan's work in its entirety, is located some milestones-a-key approach to our thinking as proposed. The tour begins work by the anthropology of Levi - Strauss in which Lacan says watering at the beginning of his teaching, v which imbues and anthropological concepts such singular inflection, related to mathematics. In another section, we will analyze the problem of clinical structures and epistemological status. Then to investigate in depth some concepts drawn from topology and develop in light of the drawings that the concept of structure is taking, we completed our work by proposing and highlighting some definitions of "structure" in Lacan's work aimed to offset the subject in a lattice structure that transcends the concepts of individual and "interiority of the unconscious."
Keywords: Structure, Structuralism, Clinic, Topology.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of
this work is to elucidate the concept of " structure "in Lacan ore works and to think about the use that lacanian psychoanalysts give to it in the clinical practice. Is relevant to precise in the use of the concept of "structure" if it responds to the use that philosophic structuralism makes of it or if its an original production of the author above mentioned. Although we will not explore the whole Lacan ás works we will set some boundary posts to argue about what we think they are inescapable points. Our itinerary begins from Levy – Strauss ás anthropology in which Lacan says to lean at the beginning of his teaching and at which he stamps his own reading and use, near to mathematics. In another paragraph, we will analyse the problem of clinical structures and its epistemological problems. After inquiring into depth some topological concepts we finish Our exposition and outstanding putting forward Some definitions of the concept of structure That allow the Decentralization of the Subject in a truss structure of That Breaks Through the notion of "individual" and "interiority of the Unconscious."
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problematization of the concept of "structure" in the teaching of Lacan
" What is the structure? Structuralism in mathematics
We can say that an initial approach to the question of the concept of "structure" in Lacanian psychoanalysis should discard the analysis of discourse analysts.
will then clarify and explain its usefulness to self-understanding of structure-what we have when we appeal to it, since the uniqueness of the concept or unambiguous reference can be systematically challenged. Then try to locate some landmarks, primarily in the work of Lacan, to carry out our purpose, we anticipate: incomplete.
The psychoanalytic clinic should include not only question the analysis, but analysts question, "Lacan held in the" Opening of the clinical section. Why not start interrogating him?
We do the term structure a we can authorize employment in Claude Levi - Strauss "said Lacan understood 1960.1 What Lévi - Strauss structure? In the introduction to his" Structural Anthropology ", Levi - Strauss Durkheim quoted today saying the following observation (1900): "Certainly the events that concern the structure are somewhat more stable than the functional phenomena, however, between the two orders of fact there are only differences of degree. The structure itself is in the future ... Is formed and decomposes steadily, is the life that has reached a certain degree of consolidation, and distinguish it from the life she determines equivalent to dissociate inseparable. "2 Thus," only the system is structured to meet two conditions: a system regulated by an internal cohesion, and this cohesion, inaccessible to observation of an isolated system, is revealed in the study of the transformations through which it is possible to find similar properties in apparently different systems ".3
We will not stop the development of structuralism itself, but simply try to reflect on some slots based on the concept Lacan of structure, as discussed below, it is wrong to relate to the French structuralist without more, not after decade of `70 in the development of their teaching.
Back to the "comment on the report of Daniel Lagache" which is the text of 1960 that we cited more arriba4. Lacan in that letter and slips some differences with the concepts of Levi - Strauss says the drink. Enter the category of the mathematical set by subtracting the concept of "structure" one of its pillars: the notion of totality.
set the category to enter, is our agreement, because it avoids the implications of all or debugged. But this is not to say that their items are not isolable, or summable: at least, if we look at the notion Set any guarantee rigor that is on the mathematical theory. "What parts are in turn structured" shall mean then that they themselves are susceptible to symbolize all the relationships defined for the set, which go far beyond his distinction and his meeting, however opening. The elements are defined actually there the possibility of being raised in terms of subsets as covering any relationship defined for the whole possibility that the essential feature is not limited by any natural hierarchy "5.
read in the" Observation on the report ...": "pretend that the transcendental aesthetic has to be redone for the time when the language has been introduced in science undeniable status: with the structure defined by the articulation of the signifier as such. "6 It is clear that here the joint structure is significant as such, since it is" original machine that puts it on stage the subject. "7. The significant joint-structure, is then the condition of production of the subject in language much effect.
is also in this text which criticizes the Kantian conception of aesthetic Transcendental essential to understand another of the definitions that arise from the structure Lacan, this time in relation to the Borromean knot: "This is (...) (...) a structure that completely changes the scope of the word space in the sense that is used in the Transcendental Aesthetic "8. Why? Because much of the effort that is the core teaching is geared to drive borromeano9 thinking beyond the imaginary, beyond the body. The question the Transcendental Aesthetic knots and, therefore, the Cartesian coordinates, the Imaginary. "Knots in the complication, is very suitable for us to relativize the intended three dimensions of space, based only on the translation we do to our body in a volume of solid "10 says Lacan.
To return to space, seems to really be part of the unconscious structured like a language, "11 says later, is that space is inseparable from the structure so defined.
While disputes brought up here can not be denied, however, some points of continuity of Lacanian thought and structuralism which is associated with the work of Althusser, Barthes, Foucault, Jakobson, Levi - Strauss, etc. "combinatorial structure replaces metaphysical discourse of the essence, the analysis of phenomena in terms of positions and try to invalidate relations empiricism, meaning is conceived as an effect of the structure and operation of shift positions. "12 The horizon of our is precisely this question: Have we "ontologized" structure?
clinical structures and the epistemological problem of definition
us return to the clinic, a field that generated the questions raised here. What do we mean by hysterical or obsessional structure, for example? The epistemological problem of clinical types is addressed in the production of Lacan in the decade of `70. Examples of this concern is their "Autocomentario" 1973 and "Introduction to the German edition of a first volume of the writings" of the same year. Thus, in the first of these articles says: "The issue begins the fact that there are types of symptoms, ie knots, which is a clinic, a clinic that is before the speech analytic (...) analysis, discourse, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe symptom as knot sheds some light on this clinic before? "13. And he asks later in the same text:" There is everything? If I have spoken of the clinical types, was not without reason. I would like to make an observation, is that the subject of a hysterical or obsessive-type according to clinical-old, no use to others of the same type. "14 The problem, perhaps opaque at first glance, is that if there is only the particular analysis (And if the enjoyment is written uniquely) and if "that responds to the same structure does not necessarily have the same meaning," 15 how to transmit psychoanalytic knowledge generalizable to this mismatch in their midst? How to account formally for a clinic that part of the Real that is, by definition, an impossible sense? Is not Lacan's work, if not all, most, a great effort to formalize a knowledge to make it transmissible? 16
is at this impasse where Lacanian heuristic comes into its relief and showing at fault shown dam castration also hovering the theory itself. With his concept of not - all the places Lacan Real gravitation as a theory itself in the move she made to apprehend him, pointing out the logical problem of truth in science: there is Everything, the whole Universal is the first proved.
structure as a hole: the absence of sex ratio and Borromean knots. Scriptures of the Real
Where does this leave the concept of structure? If we stop for example in the conceptualization of psychosis in the last period of Lacan's work, and not so much that in psychosis "something missing", which would lead to draw the conclusion that the structure is psychotic no evidence of a relationship with a significante17, but it is something you have enrolled different than the neuroses and perversions. This is a Real "remains enigma, until the analysis is not unhook the spring pseudo - sex: that is real that is part (...) neurosis, perversion, or psychosis." 18 The clinical structures is proposed here as various forms of inscription and writing-of the Real, and positioning before the castration, lack, the hole, the sex ratio.
insist: Where is then the concept of structure? "My dear structure proves to be (...) Borromean knot" 19 Lacan responds to us, but it is clear that we have stuck away from structuralism beaches year `60.
"The actual structure is what comes up in the language. And of course has nothing to do with the" good form, "" 20 he argues in "The atolondradicho." "My topology is made of a substance that is beyond reality that they are motivated to practice. It is not theory. But you must realize that, cuts of the speech, there are those that modify the structure to which Originally it welcomes "21 adds a few lines later. Note here that the well defined structure can be modified. This is not to say that there is a chance of passage between the structures of neurosis and psychosis for example, but it is indisputable that we can detect traces cross mixed up between them. Then
"topology is not" sent to do to orient "in the structure. She is the structure: as feedback on the order of the chain that is the language." 22
And one last dip in the cumbersome text: "it is clear that in terms of significance, that" is captured "in the subphrase, seudomodal, fishing is the same as a verb object wrapped in its grammatical subject, and that effect is no false sense of imagination induced resonance topology, depending on the effect of subject (...) is "mirror". Here we must distinguish the ambiguity register with the significance, or cutting the ribbon, and the suggestion of hole, ie, structure, that this ambiguity makes sense "23 says Lacan and footnote reads:" I hope that here see that the allocation of structuralism, understood as understanding the world, one more in the guignol (from fr. Puppet) with which we represent "literary history" (...), it not what I meet. "24 explicit detachment here. It is clear then that there is "structuralism" but "structure".
a particular subject and in particular a network of structures
begin this article to guide our inquiry into the analysis of discourse analysts to refer to "the" structure as if it were obvious, its definition remains a truism. Have we not surreptitiously but steadily sliding into a ontologization-structure? Have we fallen into a new essentialism which implicitly assumes that "the" structure is a kind of invisible architecture that is inside of someone?
Against the reification of a structure-let alone the unconscious, Lacan reflects, "there is the question-and how-to would not arise if indeed the structure is punctuated by the Other's desire (...), if the subject is born and included in the language (...) and already determined in his unconscious by the Other's desire, why not have in all this a certain solidarity? The unconscious does not preclude, if the unconscious is that structure, the structure of language (...) the recognition of the desire of the Other as such, in other words the network-network structure from which the subject is a particular given it is conceivable that communicate with other structures: the structures of the parents, by the way, and why not, if necessary, with those structures that are a stranger, however little, says Freud, that his attention is thus a little on the other hand, "25 says Lacan in relation to health floating freely.
Why do not we have highlighted the concept of network structure, for example, while being more consistent with the concepts developed in the "first part" of Lacan's work (such as "the unconscious is the discourse of the Other", " desire is the desire of the Other ", or" the unconscious is structured like a language ") that uniquely refers to" the "structure?
we be sure then to assert that the unconscious structured like a language is not "inside" one (the language too), and topology goes to show that, to be relevant systematic and detailed review, not as the one described here, understand what by quoting Lacan structure, looking more appropriate to refer to various types and levels of structure, in different strata of different power structure and structuring such an event, including perhaps the concept of Tyche, "in the register of the Real you can print a shift in the structuring of the psyche, especially in childhood and adolescence, why not in vital moments of any subjectivity, neurotic, psychotic or perverse.
As you can go from the development of this text, not the status differential structuring the different subjectivities (neurosis, psychosis, perversion) have what is questioned, but the accentuation of closed points of the structures, limit points and closure points instead of open, supplementarity, the possibility of difference. Is not this the definition of significant?
might think that the methodological and clinical value of certain structuralist thought is not affected by the non - ontological value. It is in this line of work we like to think the various inscriptions of the Real, emphasizing the writing of the differences. Bibliography
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Correspondence
Ignacio Iglesias Butts
E-mail: ignaiglesias@yahoo.com.ar
1Lacan, J. "Comment on the report of Daniel Lagache:" Psychoanalysis and personality structure ", in" Writings 2 ", Ed Siglo XXI, pg. 628.
2 Levi-Strauss," Structural Anthropology ", Ed Eudeba p. . XXXIV.
3 Levi-Strauss, "Structural Anthropology", Ed Eudeba, pg. XXXV.
4 It is appropriate that we refer here to a previous text we chose to begin our brief analysis. This is the chapter "The significant, as such, means nothing in Chapter XIV of the seminar" psychosis "(1955-56). It notes the idea supplementarity open relationship and the dynamics of the structure, concepts that aim at flexibility in the proposed structural analysis.
5Lacan, J. "Comment on the report of Daniel Lagache:" Psychoanalysis and personality structure ", in Writings 2, ed Siglo XXI, pg. 628.
6 Lacan, J. "Comment on the report of Daniel Lagache:" Psychoanalysis and personality structure ", in Writings 2, ed Siglo XXI, pg. 629. Ditto
7 above.
8 Lacan, J. The seminar, book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-err unwary" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 38. Ditto
9 above, p.. 40.
10 Lacan, J. The seminar, book XX, Even (1972-73), Ed, pg. 161. Ditto
11 above, p.. 163.
12 Goldschmit, M. "Some structural features," in "Jacques Derrida, an introduction", Ed New Vision, pg. 17.
13Lacan, J. "Autocomentario" One by One in the World Journal of Psychoanalysis, American Edition, No. 43, pg. 18.
14 ditto above.
15 Lacan, J. "Introduction to the German edition of a first volume of the Writings "digital version, pg. 4 (Print version: One by One, World Review of Psychoanalysis, Latin American Edition, No. 42).
16 In the way of formalizing the Real, note that the knot of three "is also a writing" (Lacan, J. The Seminar, Book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-dupes err" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 122 ) and what can be written in logical knots are made, ie, the condition of enjoyment "(Lacan, J. The Seminar, Book XX, Even (1972-73), Ed, pp. 157 and 160) .
17 Both at the Seminar 3 as "From a preliminary ..." Lacan understands the psychosis so deficient, that is, as the result of the absence of a very particular signifier, the Name - the - Father, following the "defect of metaphor symbolic "(Lacan, J." From a preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis ", in Writings 2, ed Siglo XXI, pg. 546), ie the paternal metaphor. "Psychosis is a hole in a free kick wide of the signifier" (Lacan, J. The Seminar, Book III, "psychosis", pg. 287). It should be noted here that this absence implies a surplus on the other side: the pleasure that is clear from the positive signs of psychosis, delusions and hallucinations.
18 Lacan, J. Psychoanalysis. Radio and TV (1974), Ed Anagrama, pg. 93.
19 Lacan, J. The seminar, book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-dupes err" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 98.
20 Lacan, J. "The thoughtless, the atolondradicho or turns these" (1972), in Scansion 1, Ed, pg. 48. 21ídem
previous page. 49. The italics are ours. Ditto
22 above, p.. 55. Ditto
23 above, p.. 56. The italics are ours. Ditto
24 above.
25Lacan, J. The seminar, book XXI, "The names of the father" or "Non-dupes err" (1973 - 74), unpublished, p.. 28 and 29. The italics are ours.
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