: Sources
Marité Colovini
1-The Freudian discovery:
As you can see, the proposed program in Unit I advanced in the sense of a heuristic [1], ie, a characterization Device inquiry by Freud.
's Dictionary of the Royal English Academy:
heuristic, ca.
(Del gr. Εὑρίσκειν, find, invent, and-tic).
1. adj. Of or pertaining to heuristics.
2. f. Technique of inquiry and discovery.
3. f. Find or research papers or historical sources.
4. f. In some sciences, how to find a solution to a problem by not rigorous methods, such as scoring, rules of thumb, etc.
words: How Freud, the product of a high-level training in research medical and neurological, became himself, the inventor of a mode of analytical research.
Freud biographies of key names evoke this path: Charcot, Breuer, Fliess.
with Charcot If we can place the way Freud is led to the clinical gaze, was the Front meeting clinical reality, embodied in and by the hysterical what Freud decides to act on hysteria through hypnosis in order to reveal their secret nature.
Charcot hypnosis had found the means to reproduce the experimental pathological state attesting to the pathogenesis of clinical status.
The box, the lesson of the Salpetriere, Brouillet by the painter and exhibited at the Salon of French artists of 1887 is somehow emblematic of a certain device report: there is the hysterical patient "asleep" in the arms of Babinski, Charcot's disciple and monitored by Mlle . Bottard, assistant Charcot. Blanche Wittmann, interned at the Salpetriere since 1877, is thrown back, while the teacher Charcot's pointing his finger and said the incident before a fascinated audience.
have here is the primal scene of the clinical presentation that will penetrate the founder of psychoanalysis.
The procedure there is evidence from work on magnetism in the eighteenth century (Mesmer, Puseguy) called Braidismo in the next century, from which Braid, a physician from Manchester, had enrolled in medical discourse, was imposed as a therapeutic resource. Charcot
understand in practice that hypnosis is a valuable access to a secret hysterical. What causes potassium bromide in epilepsy, hypnosis is produced in the hysteric, which confirms its profound difference.
Hypnosis ends the symptom: the paralytic, for example. Hypnosis becomes an aid to highlight the pathogenesis, ie, understanding the mechanism by which act the causes of the disease process.
Although Charcot's clinical genius shines in his Lectures on Tuesday (which Freud translated) having no inclination to psychological concepts, leaving his disciples the task of psicofilosofía constitute a sort of hysteria. Thus, Richter writes: Description of major hysterical attack and its main varieties, Janet: The psychological automatism.
Freud, in 1911, in a remarkable article on hysterical blindness [2] refer to the French psychological school: Charcot, Binet, Janet.
This was established to deal with criticism, stemming from strong arguments Hippolyte Bernheim, a doctor turned hypnosis after reading the pioneering work of Liebault: Dreams and the state analogs, 1866. In a decisive work, De la suggestion in the hypnotic state and the waking state, which would be representative of the School of Nancy, rejected the link between hysteria and hypnotizability, describing the laws of the normal physiological mechanism of suggestion.
The two streams met at the International Congress of 1889, when Freud was able to attend, and he did take a position in favor of the suggestion. In July 1889
meets Bernheim.
2-From Hypnosis to Psychoanalysis:
Braid discovered in 1841, that an individual who is it set his sights on a shiny object, located just below the forehead, falls into a dream to be known as hypnotic sleep or braídico. Braid
us back to the intuition of the Austrian physician Mesmer, who used 17776 from magnetism, the universal fluid as a therapeutic.
revisit it through the device of the famous magnetic cells produced its effects when applied to the body of the sick (including the hysterical), were linked through iron rods hanging over the liquid (water filled buckets , bottles resting on a mixture of ground glass and iron filings).
Puysegur, French disciple of Mesmer, was quick to establish that this fluid was nervous and not physical in studying sleepwalking.
Finally, Braid, took a decisive step to characterize hypnosis as a state of nervous system determined by artificial maneuvers caused by the concentration of the eye (mental and visual) in an object.
rightly points out that dream involves a loss of memory, so that the patient retains some memory of what happened during that dream, artificial, but effective.
or braidismo Hypnotism was known in France for work Azam, of Bordeaux, in 1859, in the form of a notice to the Company Surgery of Paris, before being re-discovered by Richer (1873) and practiced by Charcot from 1878.
But here's the Quiet Revolution by Liebault introduced by the text of 1866, ignored until he does know Bernheim (1883-1890) where hypnotism is conceived as a dream caused by suggestion. Considering the suggestion as the key braidismo, this means that there is no magnetic fluid, mesmerizing no physical action, but only mental action: the idea.
normal Suggestibility only enhances mental concentration sleep: hence to implement Liebault suggestive psychotherapy induced sleep. For the first time resorted to verbal suggestion to induce sleep and in some cases cured by the word.
This contrasts with the conception of Charcot, for whom as Bernheim said hypnotism was presented as an experimental neurosis likely to be caused in hysterics. Bernheim
enter
be for normal suggestibility in the waking state and suggesting appropriate therapy.
Thereafter, the phenomena of suggestion is not based on a magnetic state or a hypnotic state, nor an induced sleep, but are a function of a physiological property of the brain that may be caused during wakefulness: suggestibility.
Bernheim The theoretical basis of what he calls "ideodinamismo": "Every idea suggested tends to become act", ie, movement, action, feeling, emotion, organic act. Similarly, the idea also can neutralize an act to inhibit a movement, a feeling, an emotion, an image, a function.
This property is the foundation of the idea of \u200b\u200bpsychotherapy. Liberated from the superstitions, hypnotism gives way to a sort of mental causation is possible to put into action for therapeutic purposes.
must be emphasized here the importance School of Nancy (Liebault / Bernheim) as this, complement the School of the Salpetriere, will the creator of psychoanalysis in the way of a true theory of unconscious mental causation.
When you choose to translate also the greatest work of Bernheim, De la suggestion and its applications, from 1887, Freud became aware of the importance of the work on suggestion.
is the suggestion that reveals some psychic determinism, which would be triggered just by it.
Bernheim The objective was to demystify hypnosis looks like magic to proceedings related to laws of mental processes. But also allowed, to overcome the physiological explanation, making hypnosis a psychotherapeutic procedure.
The trip takes Nacy in 1889 because the sense of a shift in the Freudian: the same year that made the 1 st International Congress of experimental and therapeutic hypnosis.
The post-hypnotic suggestion, ie that the hypnotized subject is susceptible to remember, under an order of the hypnotist that was done during sleep, in an experimental translation of the action of latent memories, will allow find, as seen above, the first announcement of unconscious processes. Truth
Combined with this theoretical practical discovery: free associations relieved to techniques of suggestion to overcome them: at least Bernheim had raised the principle of mental accessibility of these latent state, induced by suggestion.
"I witnessed the amazing experiences of their patients Bernheim hospital and that is where I experienced the strongest impressions on the possibility of powerful mental processes which nevertheless remained hidden from the consciousness of men." [3]
In fact, Charcot remains the author of the original shock, to the extent that Freud felt "the formal envelope of the symptom." Bernheim's contribution will be to link the issue with the appearance of underlying mental causation.
Charcot, therefore, is impressive at the clinic itself, while Bernheim it is at the level of disclosure of these "powerful hidden mental processes." The reconcile psychoanalysis under an improvement that neither one nor the other had expected: the sexual etiology provides a basis for this synthesis between the rights of symptoms and processes.
Paradoxically, the contribution of concrete is Bernheim, Freud, while evaluating the limits of suggestion. In fact, suggestible that fails the patient to Freud takes Nancy to test the effects of the theory. But anyway, seen as gained the idea that hypnotic manifestations are psychological effects, effects of representations raised, intentionally or not, in the hypnotized "and not" a physiologically altered state of the nervous system caused by external excitations " as Charcot thought.
The demand for explanation is, henceforth, inherent need to hear: causes and phenomena are on, once and for all, inseparable from Freud's heuristic.
is a paradox that Freud, by abandoning hypnosis and relativize its importance, recognizing their importance in the history of the discovery of unconscious processes.
After recognizing the mechanism of suggestion, Freud is the unconscious, and opens the way for treatment of diseases of the ICC cathartic.
But in Breuer, catharsis was kept in the background as hypnosis. In contrast to Freud, became a specific procedure for exploration of the ICC. For this reason the practice without hypnosis and before transforming it into outright cure of language, and have waived intermediate maneuvers (apposition of hands on the patient's forehead.)
3-The therapeutic act: Freud with Breuer.
Charcot
But if Freud taught to see, Breuer taught him to act on the symptoms.
The cathartic method, thanks to the genius of Breuer, reveals the formation of symptoms by acting on it.
The very purpose of the therapeutic device: abreact stuck affection, suggests that this "object" action is needed.
becomes possible to act on the symptoms and simultaneously, this action is a demonstration of psychic determinism operating in symptom formation on which it acts: it is the considerable contribution and heuristic Breuer to Freud.
I think this is why Freud insists fatherhood Breuer attribute to psychoanalysis.
After an interrupted practice for ten years from 1892, Freud is concerned with developing his own method, as if, as Jones points out, his technique was refined and got rid of their aids.
precisely at the time participating in "A case of hypnotic cure a case of hysteria" (1887) is preparing to relocate to truth to hypnosis.
4 - therapy: Freud
text continues by explaining how hypnosis and altered left the cathartic method, for strictly "practice"
"He had found two serious shortcomings in the use of hypnotism, even as applied to the catharsis. First, the therapeutic results obtained were disappearing at the slightest disturbance of the personal relationship between doctor and patient. They came back indeed to appear once achieved reconciliation, but it proved so affective-personal relationship factor was impossible to master, more powerful than cathartic work. also came a day that was given to me to prove something he suspected for a long time and ago. One of my patients more docile, with which he had obtained through hypnosis the most favorable results, surprised me one day that he had made a painful access free it by referring to its initial cause, throwing her arms around his neck to awaken from the hypnotic sleep. A maid knocked on the door at that time prevented us from a painful explanation, but since that day we give, by tacit agreement, the continuation of hypnotic treatment. Modest enough not to attribute the incident to my personal attractions, I assumed he had discovered the nature of the mystical element acting behind hypnotism. To suppress or at least isolate had to leave the hypnotic procedure. "
"abandoned hypnotism, but the change of tactics brought a change in appearance of the work cathartic. Hypnotism had covered a set of forces that are evident now and whose discovery gave the theory a very firm base.
What could be the cause of the patients had forgotten many facts of his life inside and outside and could, however, remember when they applied the technique described above? The observation response to this question was more than enough. Everything had been painful forgotten for any reason for the subject being considered by the aspirations of his personality as frightening, painful or embarrassed. There was thus think that was just such characters to have forgotten, that is, not having been aware. To make them aware of new rule was necessary in the patient something that rebelled against it, well the doctor imposed strain. This effort varied greatly depending on the case, growing in direct proportion to the severity of the forgotten, and was the measure of the resistance of the patient. Thus arose the theory of repression. "
And we then the Freudian discovery of the unconscious. This material painful forgotten psychic apparatus did not disappear disappear from consciousness, remained in an unconscious state, but from there pursued his effectiveness in the genesis of neurotic symptoms. We can say that Freud believes that there is a subject of symptoms, although the patient in terms of conscious self knows nothing of it.
"The theory of repression was the primary basis for the understanding of neurosis and imposed a modification of the therapeutic work. Its purpose was no longer to return to normal roads affects misled by a false path, but to discover the repression and remove them with a view to accept or condemn definitely excluded by the repression. In compliance with this new state of affairs, say the research method and resulting healing name of psychoanalysis in place of catharsis. "
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
" For psychoanalysis everything is, at first unconscious, and the quality of consciousness can be added later, or missing at all. These statements have encountered opposition from the philosophers, for which the conscious and psyche are one thing, it is inconceivable the existence of the psychic unconscious. Psychoanalysis was therefore to come forward without dealing with the idiosyncrasies of philosophers, based on observations in pathological material completely ignored by his detractors and those relating to frequency and pulse power which knows nothing about the subject itself, which is forced to deductible as any other event outside world. "
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
" The theories of resistance and repression of unconscious etiological significance of sexual life and the importance of childhood events are the main elements of psychoanalytic theory building. "
So here is my attempt to go to these quotes and words of Freud himself the answer to what psychoanalysis is.
I would add the same text, a paragraph on the difference that Freud said about the formation of a psychoanalyst and also the conclusion to which Freud comes to the end of the text on what psychoanalysis is.
"Actually, the doctor who has not made a special study is also, despite its title, a layman with respect to psychoanalysis and non-medical person can carry out perfectly, by preparing analytical and in some cases assisted by a doctor, the analytical treatment of the neuroses.
By one of those developments against which resistance is futile result has come to integrate various ways the word "psychoanalysis." Originally it was not the name of a particular therapeutic method, but has now evolved into the name of science, science of the psychic unconscious. This science is not generally suitable to solve a problem alone, but it seems called to offer the most diverse scientific disciplines very important contributions. The scope of psychoanalysis is as wide as that of psychology, which adds an important complement to reach. "
Well, we have enough material to discuss, so I propose that we start from here the discussion of themes.
Notes and bibliography:
[1] Heuristic
From Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia
heuristic is called the capacity of a system for performing an immediate positive developments to their ends. The heuristic is a characteristic of humans, from whose point of view can be described as the art and science discovery and invention or to solve problems using creativity and lateral thinking or divergent thinking.
The etymology of heuristics is the same as the word eureka, whose exclamation attributed to Archimedes in an episode as famous as apocryphal. The word heuristic appears in more than a grammatical category. When used as a noun, it identifies the art or science of discovery, a discipline likely to be formally investigated. When it appears as an adjective, refers to concrete things, such as heuristics, rules of thumb or heuristics syllogisms and conclusions. Of course, these two uses are closely related and usually suggests that the heuristic heuristics that guide the discovery.
The popularization of the concept should be the mathematician George Polya, in his book How to Solve It (How to solve it). Having studied many mathematical proofs from his youth, wanted to know how mathematicians come to them. The book contains recipes kind of heuristics that sought to teach students math. Four examples drawn from it illustrate the concept better than any definition:
* If you can not understand a problem, draw a diagram.
* If you find a solution, just as if the HAD and see what can you infer from it (backward reasoning).
* If the problem is abstract, try examining a concrete example.
* Try to deal first with a more general problem (is the "inventor's paradox": the more ambitious goal is the one most likely to succeed).
[2] Freud, S. Some psychogenic disturbances of vision. Works.
[3] Freud, S. Autobiography. Complete Works.
Sunday, May 24, 2009
Tuesday, May 19, 2009
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Freudian therapeutic medical logic. PSYCHOANALYTIC LOGIC
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Marité Colovini
1 - Psychoanalysis and science
The status of psychoanalysis ie how to locate epistemologically, has been a concern both for Freud to Lacan, that is, the question of the "scientific nature" of psychoanalysis.
Science does not always existed in the culture, there is a base from which science is structured as a discourse, and this point, both for science and for Lacan, is Descartes.
What Descartes is established with the birth certificate of science, ie the appearance of the subject of knowledge. The Cartesian subject is to be subverted by psychoanalysis.
Lacan says the subject foreclosed the discourse of science, is the subject of concern to psychoanalysis. The subject that subverts
Psychoanalysis is the Cartesian subject, ie, the subject of modernity is articulated in the Meditations of Descartes, which appears as the cornerstone of development in modern science.
If it were not for the developments made by Descartes, the discourse of science would not have had the opportunity to put in place.
The discourse of psychiatry, as well as of psychology, while discourses of science, are based on knowledge of self, that is, the subject of consciousness.
For psychoanalysis, the subject is not in consciousness (as it is a fake), but in the unconscious is therefore a split subject of consciousness and the unconscious.
is a subject that is known for its effects, Psychoanalysis thus questioned in relation to these effects.
There is an issue that is central to the philosophy and psychology, which is the concept of unity, ie as regards the mind-body unity.
In Freud's work shows the breakdown of that unit. And Lacan's teaching is a ruthless critique of the concept of unity.
Lacan says that science advances if it discovers. This finding implies that knowledge is already given, and know it as such would be covered, and produce what science is lifting the veil of this knowledge, which would then open. Dice
Lacan does not know what the scientist is not discovered anything, but invented.
Freud says in "Studies on Hysteria" that what psychoanalysis aims is to "transform neurotic suffering a natural unhappiness." This is directly related to the ethics of psychoanalysis.
Clearly, this proposal contrasts Freudian absolutely any existing psychotherapies outside Freud.
In the neurotic is suffering has nothing to do with unhappiness, ie Freud contrasts two different sufferings.
This definition appeals particularly Lacan Freud, and he tries to "aggiornamiento" early and incalculable in its consequences, Freudian definition.
Lacan says: "What is proposed is a psychoanalysis transmuting neurotic impotence in a logical impossibility", set it equal to the Freudian statement.
The Seminar on the Ethics of Psychoanalysis, Lacan says: "How far are we from a formulation of a field of happiness." And with regard to the concept of unity Lacan says: "The idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of human life, I have always produced the effects of a scandalous lie."
Psychoanalysis is a practice, is a position in relation to knowledge is a theory to be lacking in the human subject and that accounts for the uniqueness of each individual in relation to unconscious desire.
What then is the relationship of psychoanalysis to scientific discourse?
precisely this Cartesian subject, the subject of knowledge will be subverted by psychoanalysis.
psychoanalysis is a science in the sense of being able to be verified by the scientific method, but this does not invalidate the act which is accomplished in Psychoanalysis, and the effects that this measure is, effects in relation to the word of a subject.
If psychoanalysis subverts the Cartesian subject, ie, the subject of science, will be located in a problematic relationship between psychoanalysis and science.
All sciences soft have a marginal position with respect to scientific method, and are challenged by comparing them with the hard sciences.
academic psychology assigned a central place to me, however, in the analytic discourse, the self has a place of bondage, and a place of servitude threefold: to the id, the superego and to face reality.
This threefold bondage of self that Freud notes, developed in "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety" is precisely that I know. Psychology
If this central place assigned to me, this I indivisible, in that I would function synthesis and thus drive it is because it ignores the essence of I which is precisely, of the unknown. Lack
in which the self is compared to the overdetermination in which it stands.
2 - The subject of psychoanalysis. Structure.
The subject with which it operates psychoanalysis is a split subject: the subject of science divided between knowledge and truth. In this subject carries a significant order also incomplete, and that is why the place has been appointed as the bar that divides it.
is the science that supports the symbolic order is incomplete and therefore, by suturing, to unify the subject. That is the illusion of modern science. But it is for this reason that science forecloses the truth. The incompleteness of the symbolic order, the incomplete and inconsistent of the Other, is a real problem: you can not tell the truth about the truth.
3 - Causation and overdetermination
The notion of causality has no transition to the guilt, find the cause is strongly welded to find the culprit. Moreover, if we look at the many statements of belief or crystallized phrases like "this happens from that cause" or "if one knew the cause of things, know where it goes," we could reach such erroneous conviction as biased type: Explaining the causes is to explain, "when we could say that the psychoanalytic interpretation is no causal explanation. And is not unique.
terms of cause - effect naturalize history longer happenings and production of complex relationships becomes subjective and an objective in which we study the past if the facts and objective, when the objective is data Historical file, ie, that liable to a non-causal explanation of a social historical interpretation.
is almost inevitable against an effect, find its cause, however, if we speak of actualization, it brings together the significant processes and the construction work. Precisely what we are shown in the formations of the unconscious is an ability to effectuation that the pair carried out a cause - effect, which is always a motivation that puts us squarely in the field of preconscious, par where cause precedes effect, it creates and sets the universality of this relationship in the middle of the tyrannical force of chronological time and also indicates in all seriousness that the novelty or some productive independence of the effect are impossible.
However, in contrast to the special effects in film, we ask not what your cause, we stayed in that area of \u200b\u200bactualization, in that complex and articulated linkage effects pure. What determines
is overdetermined and there is the work of interpretation that seeks no content in any depth, but the production of the unconscious in its deployment, the thought, the unexpected and unthinkable in the same sentence. There is nothing behind the words, everything is, as Freud says "on the surface of language," hatched in the "predestined ambiguity of the word." If you look behind the words of the analysand, pursuing a cause and find it, I know that the cause of his sentence is my ideology.
If psychoanalysis comes to effect this it will be just a lost cause, never a motivation, so much evil can be attributed to an effect, a cause. Causality is a notion that makes the window to get what we got through the door: the substance, the unifying rule of chronological time, the trauma, the reason. Causality man again immersed in a state of nature, simplicity, transparency, which makes unnecessary the work of interpretation, because things are as we see. In contrast, the determination must be worked in the event of their training, their appearance, does not pre.
When we speak of "places of incorporation of the subject", it is clear that the subject becomes, while the man is born. The subject is not the man but what man can be determined theoretically and uniqueness of a particular science, this relativity, taking into account the psychological subject is the subject of science as a theoretical articulation is produced as overdetermined unconscious desire that their formations. Overdetermined means no development of any desire on any object, but only the development of desire.
The logic of the unconscious can not be worked by means of causality, or deduction, or claiming the continent as a cause and effect as content. It would rather think of overdetermination from the effectuation that takes place in significant slippage activated from memory is not something you have, but something wrong, both in memory and forgotten.
4 - Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience
Freud did not hesitate to predict a time when the social impact of indiscretion would be at once the impossibility of concealment, "the sick, knowing that all morbid manifestations are interpreted immediately by the others, disguised. "
At this time the coordinates are others and the question for the future of the symptoms we are concerned, I quote, "understand that the question here is indicated whether psychoanalysis exists. That is exactly what is at stake. But moreover, there is something for which he says without question. The symptom is the time point at which we arrived, say with the word interim, I would call civilization ... "
The time point at which we have arrived in civilization ...
What we read in this time, from the psychoanalytic discourse, how we respond to these new challenges of scientific discourse, whose effects appear in the daily life of the psychoanalyst?, what are the consequences subjective forms of regulation for the show?, "psychotherapies , a cosmetology ego that accompanies these new regulations?.
interested In this context I think that by way of illusion find today in neuroscience and psychotherapy, these modern aid asintomatizada foster a relationship with the unconscious.
Using soothing of whom spoke Freud in Civilization and its Discontents, usufruct the effect of suggestion, which encourage individuals to alienation standard, which avoids the responsibility of the individual by his desire, at the time finding a way legitimized by the scientific discourse. The time complexity of exhibits any object, ends up being used as bait to induce men to an obscenely consumption, asks for more. The use of psychotropic medication by neuroscience can lead to these excesses, the use of the word too, when it is legitimated by some in the name of psychoanalysis.
Freud, in the final paragraph of his paper The Future of an Illusion, states: "No, our science is no illusion. But if you would believe that we can obtain in any other, so that she can not get us give. "What this is not conclusive, it would place as illusory diversion that it blindly obtained elsewhere, is installed at the site of what is missing.
This is the deviation of the Ego Psichology involved, however, nothing prevents it to be used also to psychoanalysis.
measure of effectiveness of neuroscience and his sisters psychotherapies in the exercise of a power-knowledge requires the condition of openness of an individual, making it comparable to the religious believer's attitude towards the suffering, the unconditional submission as a consolation, constituting a further guarantee that involved responding to the demand to give the specific object, the manner of a machina Deux is deceptively arranged so messy, leaving those soothing the balance of the accumulation without rest ...
"The man has become, as it were, a god with the prostheses," says Freud in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, "quite wonderful when you put all your gadgets, but they do not grow in your body ... ". "It right to take comfort in the thought that future times will bring new and perhaps unimaginable progress in this field of culture, highlighting further the deification of man. "
Today science promises to find out why and so cure the incurable, psychotherapies parasites in the proliferation of reason, the alienation that often comes to the havoc are Verifiable balances these instruments of pleasure.
psychoanalytic discourse In releasing the ghost of her because it produces the opposite effect, leading to separation a desire to appropriate the mark of the singular.
"Where the layman asks a substitute science abandoned the catechism, install the ghost everywhere, the reality turned into a ghost, which is contrary to the movement of its throughput. "
We know from Lacan, a fundamental difference between being induced by the self and being produced as a subject of the unconscious, this experience is installed with another instrument that makes underside, the analytic horizon is not the promise, but the Real. Hence it is an operation to produce more by way of a function, devoid of the person, using the pure combinatorial language, subtracted by the grace of ambiguity, consistency of meaning, thus opening new horizons outside language, that of a vacuum; elided and avoided as such by the psychotherapies.
conclude: If, as Freud states, the essence of religion is evident in the next step to a confrontation with failure, to a subject in analysis does not try to get rid of loneliness subjective, but to move forward with it in a new libidinal tie with the symptom: drop the illusions, the symptom and future, for a subject and for psychoanalysis.
+1,20+x+0,90+mts.jpg)
Marité Colovini
1 - Psychoanalysis and science
The status of psychoanalysis ie how to locate epistemologically, has been a concern both for Freud to Lacan, that is, the question of the "scientific nature" of psychoanalysis.
Science does not always existed in the culture, there is a base from which science is structured as a discourse, and this point, both for science and for Lacan, is Descartes.
What Descartes is established with the birth certificate of science, ie the appearance of the subject of knowledge. The Cartesian subject is to be subverted by psychoanalysis.
Lacan says the subject foreclosed the discourse of science, is the subject of concern to psychoanalysis. The subject that subverts
Psychoanalysis is the Cartesian subject, ie, the subject of modernity is articulated in the Meditations of Descartes, which appears as the cornerstone of development in modern science.
If it were not for the developments made by Descartes, the discourse of science would not have had the opportunity to put in place.
The discourse of psychiatry, as well as of psychology, while discourses of science, are based on knowledge of self, that is, the subject of consciousness.
For psychoanalysis, the subject is not in consciousness (as it is a fake), but in the unconscious is therefore a split subject of consciousness and the unconscious.
is a subject that is known for its effects, Psychoanalysis thus questioned in relation to these effects.
There is an issue that is central to the philosophy and psychology, which is the concept of unity, ie as regards the mind-body unity.
In Freud's work shows the breakdown of that unit. And Lacan's teaching is a ruthless critique of the concept of unity.
Lacan says that science advances if it discovers. This finding implies that knowledge is already given, and know it as such would be covered, and produce what science is lifting the veil of this knowledge, which would then open. Dice
Lacan does not know what the scientist is not discovered anything, but invented.
Freud says in "Studies on Hysteria" that what psychoanalysis aims is to "transform neurotic suffering a natural unhappiness." This is directly related to the ethics of psychoanalysis.
Clearly, this proposal contrasts Freudian absolutely any existing psychotherapies outside Freud.
In the neurotic is suffering has nothing to do with unhappiness, ie Freud contrasts two different sufferings.
This definition appeals particularly Lacan Freud, and he tries to "aggiornamiento" early and incalculable in its consequences, Freudian definition.
Lacan says: "What is proposed is a psychoanalysis transmuting neurotic impotence in a logical impossibility", set it equal to the Freudian statement.
The Seminar on the Ethics of Psychoanalysis, Lacan says: "How far are we from a formulation of a field of happiness." And with regard to the concept of unity Lacan says: "The idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of human life, I have always produced the effects of a scandalous lie."
Psychoanalysis is a practice, is a position in relation to knowledge is a theory to be lacking in the human subject and that accounts for the uniqueness of each individual in relation to unconscious desire.
What then is the relationship of psychoanalysis to scientific discourse?
precisely this Cartesian subject, the subject of knowledge will be subverted by psychoanalysis.
psychoanalysis is a science in the sense of being able to be verified by the scientific method, but this does not invalidate the act which is accomplished in Psychoanalysis, and the effects that this measure is, effects in relation to the word of a subject.
If psychoanalysis subverts the Cartesian subject, ie, the subject of science, will be located in a problematic relationship between psychoanalysis and science.
All sciences soft have a marginal position with respect to scientific method, and are challenged by comparing them with the hard sciences.
academic psychology assigned a central place to me, however, in the analytic discourse, the self has a place of bondage, and a place of servitude threefold: to the id, the superego and to face reality.
This threefold bondage of self that Freud notes, developed in "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety" is precisely that I know. Psychology
If this central place assigned to me, this I indivisible, in that I would function synthesis and thus drive it is because it ignores the essence of I which is precisely, of the unknown. Lack
in which the self is compared to the overdetermination in which it stands.
2 - The subject of psychoanalysis. Structure.
The subject with which it operates psychoanalysis is a split subject: the subject of science divided between knowledge and truth. In this subject carries a significant order also incomplete, and that is why the place has been appointed as the bar that divides it.
is the science that supports the symbolic order is incomplete and therefore, by suturing, to unify the subject. That is the illusion of modern science. But it is for this reason that science forecloses the truth. The incompleteness of the symbolic order, the incomplete and inconsistent of the Other, is a real problem: you can not tell the truth about the truth.
3 - Causation and overdetermination
The notion of causality has no transition to the guilt, find the cause is strongly welded to find the culprit. Moreover, if we look at the many statements of belief or crystallized phrases like "this happens from that cause" or "if one knew the cause of things, know where it goes," we could reach such erroneous conviction as biased type: Explaining the causes is to explain, "when we could say that the psychoanalytic interpretation is no causal explanation. And is not unique.
terms of cause - effect naturalize history longer happenings and production of complex relationships becomes subjective and an objective in which we study the past if the facts and objective, when the objective is data Historical file, ie, that liable to a non-causal explanation of a social historical interpretation.
is almost inevitable against an effect, find its cause, however, if we speak of actualization, it brings together the significant processes and the construction work. Precisely what we are shown in the formations of the unconscious is an ability to effectuation that the pair carried out a cause - effect, which is always a motivation that puts us squarely in the field of preconscious, par where cause precedes effect, it creates and sets the universality of this relationship in the middle of the tyrannical force of chronological time and also indicates in all seriousness that the novelty or some productive independence of the effect are impossible.
However, in contrast to the special effects in film, we ask not what your cause, we stayed in that area of \u200b\u200bactualization, in that complex and articulated linkage effects pure. What determines
is overdetermined and there is the work of interpretation that seeks no content in any depth, but the production of the unconscious in its deployment, the thought, the unexpected and unthinkable in the same sentence. There is nothing behind the words, everything is, as Freud says "on the surface of language," hatched in the "predestined ambiguity of the word." If you look behind the words of the analysand, pursuing a cause and find it, I know that the cause of his sentence is my ideology.
If psychoanalysis comes to effect this it will be just a lost cause, never a motivation, so much evil can be attributed to an effect, a cause. Causality is a notion that makes the window to get what we got through the door: the substance, the unifying rule of chronological time, the trauma, the reason. Causality man again immersed in a state of nature, simplicity, transparency, which makes unnecessary the work of interpretation, because things are as we see. In contrast, the determination must be worked in the event of their training, their appearance, does not pre.
When we speak of "places of incorporation of the subject", it is clear that the subject becomes, while the man is born. The subject is not the man but what man can be determined theoretically and uniqueness of a particular science, this relativity, taking into account the psychological subject is the subject of science as a theoretical articulation is produced as overdetermined unconscious desire that their formations. Overdetermined means no development of any desire on any object, but only the development of desire.
The logic of the unconscious can not be worked by means of causality, or deduction, or claiming the continent as a cause and effect as content. It would rather think of overdetermination from the effectuation that takes place in significant slippage activated from memory is not something you have, but something wrong, both in memory and forgotten.
4 - Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience
Freud did not hesitate to predict a time when the social impact of indiscretion would be at once the impossibility of concealment, "the sick, knowing that all morbid manifestations are interpreted immediately by the others, disguised. "
At this time the coordinates are others and the question for the future of the symptoms we are concerned, I quote, "understand that the question here is indicated whether psychoanalysis exists. That is exactly what is at stake. But moreover, there is something for which he says without question. The symptom is the time point at which we arrived, say with the word interim, I would call civilization ... "
The time point at which we have arrived in civilization ...
What we read in this time, from the psychoanalytic discourse, how we respond to these new challenges of scientific discourse, whose effects appear in the daily life of the psychoanalyst?, what are the consequences subjective forms of regulation for the show?, "psychotherapies , a cosmetology ego that accompanies these new regulations?.
interested In this context I think that by way of illusion find today in neuroscience and psychotherapy, these modern aid asintomatizada foster a relationship with the unconscious.
Using soothing of whom spoke Freud in Civilization and its Discontents, usufruct the effect of suggestion, which encourage individuals to alienation standard, which avoids the responsibility of the individual by his desire, at the time finding a way legitimized by the scientific discourse. The time complexity of exhibits any object, ends up being used as bait to induce men to an obscenely consumption, asks for more. The use of psychotropic medication by neuroscience can lead to these excesses, the use of the word too, when it is legitimated by some in the name of psychoanalysis.
Freud, in the final paragraph of his paper The Future of an Illusion, states: "No, our science is no illusion. But if you would believe that we can obtain in any other, so that she can not get us give. "What this is not conclusive, it would place as illusory diversion that it blindly obtained elsewhere, is installed at the site of what is missing.
This is the deviation of the Ego Psichology involved, however, nothing prevents it to be used also to psychoanalysis.
measure of effectiveness of neuroscience and his sisters psychotherapies in the exercise of a power-knowledge requires the condition of openness of an individual, making it comparable to the religious believer's attitude towards the suffering, the unconditional submission as a consolation, constituting a further guarantee that involved responding to the demand to give the specific object, the manner of a machina Deux is deceptively arranged so messy, leaving those soothing the balance of the accumulation without rest ...
"The man has become, as it were, a god with the prostheses," says Freud in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, "quite wonderful when you put all your gadgets, but they do not grow in your body ... ". "It right to take comfort in the thought that future times will bring new and perhaps unimaginable progress in this field of culture, highlighting further the deification of man. "
Today science promises to find out why and so cure the incurable, psychotherapies parasites in the proliferation of reason, the alienation that often comes to the havoc are Verifiable balances these instruments of pleasure.
psychoanalytic discourse In releasing the ghost of her because it produces the opposite effect, leading to separation a desire to appropriate the mark of the singular.
"Where the layman asks a substitute science abandoned the catechism, install the ghost everywhere, the reality turned into a ghost, which is contrary to the movement of its throughput. "
We know from Lacan, a fundamental difference between being induced by the self and being produced as a subject of the unconscious, this experience is installed with another instrument that makes underside, the analytic horizon is not the promise, but the Real. Hence it is an operation to produce more by way of a function, devoid of the person, using the pure combinatorial language, subtracted by the grace of ambiguity, consistency of meaning, thus opening new horizons outside language, that of a vacuum; elided and avoided as such by the psychotherapies.
conclude: If, as Freud states, the essence of religion is evident in the next step to a confrontation with failure, to a subject in analysis does not try to get rid of loneliness subjective, but to move forward with it in a new libidinal tie with the symptom: drop the illusions, the symptom and future, for a subject and for psychoanalysis.
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